600 - قَالَ زُرَارَةُ بْنُ أَعْيَنَ: قُلْتُ لِأَبِي جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ أَخْبِرْنِي عَمَّا فَرَضَ اَللَّهُ تَعَالَى مِنَ اَلصَّلَوَاتِ قَالَ «خَمْسُ صَلَوَاتُ فِي اَللَّيْلِ وَ اَلنَّهَارِ» قُلْتُ لَهُ هَلْ سَمَّاهُنَّ اَللَّهُ وَ بَيَّنَهُنَّ فِي كِتَابِهِ فَقَالَ «نَعَمْ قَالَ اَللَّهُ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ لِنَبِيِّهِ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ: « أَقِمِ اَلصَّلاٰةَ لِدُلُوكِ اَلشَّمْسِ إِلىٰ غَسَقِ اَللَّيْلِ» وَ دُلُوكُهَا زَوَالُهَا فَفِيمَا بَيْنَ دُلُوكِ اَلشَّمْسِ إِلَى غَسَقِ اَللَّيْلِ أَرْبَعُ صَلَوَاتُ سَمَّاهُنَّ اَللَّهُ وَ بَيَّنَهُنَّ وَ وَقَّتَهُنَّ وَ غَسَقُ اَللَّيْلِ اِنْتِصَافُهُ ثُمَّ قَالَ « وَ قُرْآنَ اَلْفَجْرِ إِنَّ قُرْآنَ اَلْفَجْرِ كٰانَ مَشْهُوداً » فَهَذِهِ اَلْخَامِسَةُ وَقَالَ فِي ذَلِكَ: « أَقِمِ اَلصَّلاٰةَ طَرَفَيِ اَلنَّهٰارِ » وَ طَرَفَاهُ اَلْمَغْرِبُ وَ اَلْغَدَاةُ « وَ زُلَفاً مِنَ اَللَّيْلِ » وَ هِيَ صَلاَةُ اَلْعِشَاءِ اَلْآخِرَةِ وَقَالَ « حٰافِظُوا عَلَى اَلصَّلَوٰاتِ وَ اَلصَّلاٰةِ اَلْوُسْطىٰ » وَ هِيَ صَلاَةُ اَلظُّهْرِ وَ هِيَ أَوَّلُ صَلاَةٍ صَلاَّهَا رَسُولُ اَللَّهِ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ وَ هِيَ وَسَطُ صَلاَتَيْنِ بِالنَّهَارِ صَلاَةِ اَلْغَدَاةِ وَ صَلاَةِ اَلْعَصْرِ» وَقَالَ فِي بَعْضِ اَلْقِرَاءَةِ « « حٰافِظُوا عَلَى اَلصَّلَوٰاتِ وَ اَلصَّلاٰةِ اَلْوُسْطىٰ » وَ صَلاَةِ اَلْعَصْرِ «وَ قُومُوا لِلّٰهِ قٰانِتِينَ » فِي صَلاَةِ اَلْوُسْطَى » وَ قِيلَ أُنْزِلَتْ هَذِهِ اَلْآيَةُ يَوْمَ اَلْجُمُعَةِ، وَ رَسُولُ اَللَّهِ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ فِي سَفَرٍ فَقَنَتَ فِيهَا وَ تَرَكَهَا عَلَى حَالِهَا فِي اَلسَّفَرِ وَ اَلْحَضَرِ وَ أَضَافَ لِلْمُقِيمِ رَكْعَتَيْنِ وَ إِنَّمَا وُضِعَتِ اَلرَّكْعَتَانِ اَللَّتَانِ أَضَافَهُمَا اَلنَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ ، يَوْمَ اَلْجُمُعَةِ لِلْمُقِيمِ لِمَكَانِ اَلْخُطْبَتَيْنِ مَعَ اَلْإِمَامِ فَمَنْ صَلَّى يَوْمَ اَلْجُمُعَةِ فِي غَيْرِ جَمَاعَةٍ فَلْيُصَلِّهَا أَرْبَعاً كَصَلاَةِ اَلظُّهْرِ فِي سَائِرِ اَلْأَيَّامِ.
Hadith.600 – Zurarah ibn A'yan said: I asked Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir 
to inform me of what Allah (swt), the Exalted, has made obligatory regarding prayers."
Imam replied: "Five prayers in the night and day."
I asked him, "Did Allah (swt) name them and clarify them in His Book?"
Imam said: "Yes, Allah (swt), the Mighty and Majestic, said to His Prophet :
'Establish prayer at the decline of the sun until the darkness of the night' (Surah Al-Isra 17:78).
The decline (duluk) of the sun refers to its noon passing, so from the decline of the sun until the darkness of the night, there are four prayers (Dhuhr, Asr, Maghrib and Isha) that Allah (swt) has named and specified their times.
The darkness of the night is its midpoint.
Then Allah (swt) said: "And the recitation at dawn, for the recitation at dawn is witnessed by angels˺." (Surah Al-Isra 17:78) - This is the fifth prayer.
Allah (swt) said regarding this: "Establish prayer ˹O’ Prophet˺ at both ends of the day and in the early part of the night." (Surah Hud 11:114) - and its two ends are Maghrib (sunset) and Fajr (dawn).
"And during parts of the night," (Surah Hud 11:114) which refers to the Isha prayer.
Allah (swt) also said: "Guard the prayers and especially the middle prayer," (Surah Al-Baqarah 2:238) - which is the noon (Dhuhr) prayer, and this is the first prayer that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ performed. It is between two daytime prayers: the Fajr prayer and the Asr prayer."
He continued: "In some recitations, it reads 'Maintain the prayers and the middle prayer and the Asr prayer' (Qur'an 2:238). Stand for Allah (swt) with devotion during the middle prayer."
It is said that this verse was revealed on a Jumu’ah when the Messenger of Allah ﷺ was traveling, and he performed Qunoot in it, keeping it in both travel and residency, and added two units for non-traveler.
The two units added by the Prophet on Jumu’ah for non-travelers are due to the two sermons with the Imam. Whoever prays on Jumu’ah without a congregation should perform four units as one would perform Dhuhr on other days."
