Man Lā Yaḥḍuruh al-Faqīh

الْمَجُوسُ يَرِثُونَ بِالنَّسَبِ وَ لَا يَرِثُونَ بِالنِّكَاحِ الْفَاسِدِ فَإِنْ مَاتَ مَجُوسِيٌّ وَ تَرَكَ أُمَّهُ وَ هِيَ أُخْتُهُ وَ هِيَ امْرَأَتُهُ فَالْمَالُ لَهَا مِنْ قِبَلِ أَنَّهَا أُمٌّ وَ لَيْسَ لَهَا مِنْ قِبَلِ أَنَّهَا أُخْتٌ وَ أَنَّهَا زَوْجَةٌ شَيْءٌ.

The Magians (Zoroastrians) inherit through blood relations but not through invalid marriage. So, if a Magian man dies and leaves behind his mother, who is also his sister and his wife, the inheritance goes to her because she is his mother. However, she does not inherit anything by virtue of being his sister or his wife.

وَ فِي رِوَايَةِ اَلسَّكُونِيِّ: "أَنَّ عَلِيّاً عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ كَانَ يُوَرِّثُ اَلْمَجُوسِيَّ إِذَا تَزَوَّجَ بِأُمِّهِ وَ بِأُخْتِهِ وَ بِابْنَتِهِ مِنْ وَجْهَيْنِ مِنْ وَجْهِ أَنَّهَا أُمُّهُ وَ مِنْ وَجْهِ أَنَّهَا زَوْجَتُهُ".

In the narration of Al-Sakuni: " Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (a.s) used to grant inheritance to a Magian who married his mother, sister, or daughter from two aspects - one being that she was his mother, and the other that she was his wife."

وَ لَا أُفْتِي بِمَا يَنْفَرِدُ السَّكُونِيُّ بِرِوَايَتِهِ فَإِنْ تَرَكَ أُمَّهُ وَ هِيَ أُخْتُهُ وَ ابْنَتَهُ فَلِلْأُمِّ السُّدُسُ وَ لِلِابْنَةِ النِّصْفُ وَ مَا بَقِيَ يُرَدُّ عَلَيْهِمَا عَلَى قَدْرِ أَنْصِبَائِهِمَا وَ لَيْسَ لَهَا مِنْ قِبَلِ أَنَّهَا أُخْتٌ شَيْءٌ لِأَنَّ الْإِخْوَةَ لَا يَرِثُونَ مَعَ الْأُمِّ فَإِنْ تَرَكَ ابْنَتَهُ وَ هِيَ أُخْتُهُ وَ هِيَ امْرَأَتُهُ فَلَهَا النِّصْفُ مِنْ قِبَلِ أَنَّهَا ابْنَتُهُ وَ الْبَاقِي رَدٌّ عَلَيْهَا وَ لَا تَرِثُ مِنْ قِبَلِ أَنَّهَا أُخْتٌ وَ أَنَّهَا امْرَأَةٌ شَيْئاً فَإِنْ تَرَكَ أُخْتَهُ وَ هِيَ امْرَأَتُهُ وَ أَخاً فَالْمَالُ بَيْنَهُمَا لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الْأُنْثَيَيْنِ وَ لَا تَرِثُ مِنْ قِبَلِ أَنَّهَا امْرَأَتُهُ شَيْئاً وَ هَذَا الْبَابُ كُلُّهُ عَلَى هَذَا الْمِثَالِ فَإِنْ تَزَوَّجَ مَجُوسِيٌّ ابْنَتَهُ فَأَوْلَدَهَا ابْنَتَيْنِ ثُمَّ مَاتَ فَإِنَّهُ تَرَكَ ثَلَاثَ بَنَاتٍ فَالْمَالُ بَيْنَهُنَّ بِالسَّوِيَّةِ فَإِنْ مَاتَتْ إِحْدَى الِابْنَتَيْنِ فَإِنَّهَا تَرَكَتْ أُمَّهَا الَّتِي هِيَ أُخْتُهَا لِأَبِيهَا وَ تَرَكَتْ أُخْتَهَا لِأَبِيهَا وَ أُمِّهَا فَالْمَالُ لِأُمِّهَا الَّتِي هِيَ أُخْتُهَا لِأَبِيهَا لِأَنَّهُ لَيْسَ لِلْإِخْوَةِ مَعَ الْوَالِدَيْنِ مِيرَاثٌ فَإِنْ مَاتَتِ ابْنَةُ الِابْنَةِ بَعْدَ مَوْتِ الْأَبِ فَإِنَّهَا تَرَكَتْ أُمَّهَا وَ هِيَ أُخْتُهَا لِأَبِيهَا فَالْمَالُ لِلْأُمِّ مِنْ جِهَةِ أَنَّهَا أُمٌّ وَ لَيْسَ لَهَا مِنْ جِهَةِ أَنَّهَا أُخْتٌ شَيْءٌ فَإِنْ تَزَوَّجَ مَجُوسِيٌّ ابْنَتَهُ فَوَلَدَتْ لَهُ ابْنَةً ثُمَّ تَزَوَّجَ ابْنَةَ ابْنَتِهِ فَوَلَدَتْ لَهُ ابْنَةً ثُمَّ مَاتَ فَالْمَالُ بَيْنَهُنَّ أَثْلَاثاً فَإِنْ مَاتَتِ الْأُولَى الَّتِي كَانَ تَزَوَّجَهَا فَالْمَالُ لِابْنَتِهَا وَ هِيَ الْوُسْطَى فَإِنْ مَاتَتِ الْوُسْطَى بَعْدَ مَوْتِ الْأَبِ فَلِأُمِّهَا وَ هِيَ الْعُلْيَا السُّدُسُ وَ لِابْنَتِهَا وَ هِيَ السُّفْلَى النِّصْفُ وَ مَا بَقِيَ رَدٌّ عَلَيْهِمَا عَلَى قَدْرِ أَنْصِبَائِهِمَا فَإِنْ كَانَتِ الَّتِي مَاتَتْ هِيَ السُّفْلَى وَ بَقِيَتِ الْعُلْيَا فَالْمَالُ كُلُّهُ لِأُمِّهَا وَ هِيَ الْوُسْطَى وَ سَقَطَتِ الْعُلْيَا لِأَنَّهَا أُخْتٌ وَ هِيَ جَدَّةٌ وَ لَا مِيرَاثَ لِلْأُخْتِ مَعَ الْأُمِّ فَإِنْ تَزَوَّجَ مَجُوسِيٌّ ابْنَتَهُ فَأَوْلَدَهَا ابْنَتَيْنِ ثُمَّ تَزَوَّجَ إِحْدَاهُمَا فَوَلَدَتْ لَهُ ابْنَةً ثُمَّ مَاتَ فَإِنَّ الْمَالَ بَيْنَهُنَّ أَرْبَاعاً وَ لَيْسَ لَهُنَّ مِنْ طَرِيقِ التَّزْوِيجِ شَيْءٌ فَإِنْ مَاتَتِ الِابْنَةُ الَّتِي تَزَوَّجَهَا أَخِيراً فَإِنَّهَا إِنَّمَا تَرَكَتِ ابْنَتَهَا وَ أُمَّهَا وَ أُخْتَهَا الَّتِي هِيَ جَدَّتُهَا فَلِابْنَتِهَا النِّصْفُ وَ لِأُمِّهَا السُّدُسُ وَ مَا بَقِيَ رَدٌّ عَلَيْهِمَا عَلَى قَدْرِ أَنْصِبَائِهِمَا وَ لَيْسَ لِلْأُخْتِ الَّتِي هِيَ جَدَّةٌ شَيْءٌ فَإِنْ تَزَوَّجَ مَجُوسِيٌّ بِأُمِّهِ فَأَوْلَدَهَا بِنْتاً ثُمَّ تَزَوَّجَ بِالابْنَةِ فَأَوْلَدَهَا ابْناً ثُمَّ مَاتَ فَلِأُمِّهِ السُّدُسُ وَ مَا بَقِيَ فَبَيْنَ الِابْنِ وَ الِابْنَةِ لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الْأُنْثَيَيْنِ فَإِنْ مَاتَتْ أُمُّهُ بَعْدَهُ فَالْمَالُ لِابْنَتِهَا الَّتِي تَزَوَّجَهَا الْمَجُوسِيُّ وَ لَيْسَ لِوَلَدِ ابْنَتِهَا شَيْءٌ مَعَ الِابْنَةِ فَإِنْ لَمْ تَمُتْ أُمُّهُ وَ لَكِنْ مَاتَتِ ابْنَتُهُ الْأُولَى بَعْدَ الْمَجُوسِيِّ فَلِأُمِّهَا الَّتِي هِيَ ابْنَةُ الْمَجُوسِيِّ الْأُولَى السُّدُسُ وَ مَا بَقِيَ فَلِلِابْنِ وَ إِنْ مَاتَ الِابْنُ بَعْدَ مَوْتِ الْأَبِ وَ أُمُّهُ حَيَّةٌ وَ أُمُّ الْمَجُوسِيِّ فِي الْحَيَاةِ فَالْمَالُ كُلُّهُ لِأُمِّهِ وَ لَيْسَ لِأُمِّ الْمَجُوسِيِّ شَيْءٌ فَإِنْ تَزَوَّجَ الْمَجُوسِيُّ بِأُمِّهِ فَأَوْلَدَهَا ابْناً وَ ابْنَةً ثُمَّ إِنَّ ابْنَهُ أَيْضاً تَزَوَّجَ جَدَّتَهُ وَ هِيَ أُمُّ الْمَجُوسِيِّ فَأَوْلَدَهَا ابْنَةً ثُمَّ مَاتَ الْمَجُوسِيُ فَلِأُمِّهِ السُّدُسُ وَ مَا بَقِيَ فَبَيْنَ ابْنِهِ وَ ابْنَتِهِ لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الْأُنْثَيَيْنِ فَإِنْ مَاتَتْ أُمُّهُ بَعْدَهُ فَالْمَالُ بَيْنَ ابْنِهَا وَ ابْنَتِهَا لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الْأُنْثَيَيْنِ فَإِنْ لَمْ تَمُتْ أُمُّهُ وَ لَكِنِ الْغُلَامُ مَاتَ بَعْدَ مَوْتِ أَبِيهِ فَلِأُمِّهِ السُّدُسُ وَ لِابْنَتِهِ النِّصْفُ وَ مَا بَقِيَ رَدٌّ عَلَيْهِمَا عَلَى قَدْرِ أَنْصِبَائِهِمَا وَ لَيْسَ لِأُخْتِهِ شَيْءٌ فَإِنْ تَزَوَّجَ مَجُوسِيٌّ بِأُمِّهِ فَأَوْلَدَهَا ابْناً وَ ابْنَةً ثُمَّ إِنَّهُ تَزَوَّجَ بِأُخْتِهِ فَأَوْلَدَهَا ابْناً وَ ابْنَةً ثُمَّ إِنَّ هَذَا الِابْنَ أَيْضاً تَزَوَّجَ بِأُخْتِهِ فَأَوْلَدَهَا ابْناً وَ ابْنَةً ثُمَّ مَاتَ الْمَجُوسِيُ فَلِأُمِّهِ السُّدُسُ وَ مَا بَقِيَ فَبَيْنَ ابْنِهِ وَ ابْنَتِهِ لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الْأُنْثَيَيْنِ فَإِنْ مَاتَ ابْنُهُ بَعْدَهُ فَلِأُمِّهِ السُّدُسُ وَ مَا بَقِيَ فَبَيْنَ ابْنِهِ وَ ابْنَتِهِ لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الْأُنْثَيَيْنِ فَإِنْ مَاتَ ابْنُ ابْنِهِ بَعْدَهُ فَلِأُمِّهِ السُّدُسُ وَ مَا بَقِيَ فَبَيْنَ ابْنِهِ وَ ابْنَتِهِ لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الْأُنْثَيَيْنِ فَإِنْ مَاتَتْ أُمُّ الْمَجُوسِيِّ بَعْدَ مَا مَاتَ هَؤُلَاءِ فَالْمَالُ كُلُّهُ لِابْنَتِهَا وَ سَقَطَ الْبَاقُونَ.

I do not issue legal rulings based on what Al-Sakuni narrates alone. If a Magian leaves his mother, who is also his sister and daughter, then the mother is entitled to one-sixth, the daughter receives one-half, and the remainder is distributed between them proportionally according to their shares. She does not inherit anything in the capacity of a sister because siblings do not inherit alongside the mother. If he leaves his daughter, who is also his sister and wife, then she receives half of the inheritance as his daughter, and the remainder is returned to her. She does not inherit anything from the shares allocated to a sister or wife. If he leaves his sister, who is also his wife, and a brother, the estate is divided between them, with the male receiving twice the share of the female. She does not inherit anything in the capacity of a wife. This principle applies across similar cases. If a Magian marries his daughter and fathers two daughters from her, and then he dies, he leaves behind three daughters, and the wealth is divided equally among them. If one of the two daughters dies, she leaves behind her mother, who is also her paternal sister, and her other paternal sister. In this case, the wealth goes to the mother, who is also her paternal sister, because siblings do not inherit when parents are present. If the daughter of the daughter dies after the father's death, she leaves behind her mother, who is also her paternal sister. The entire inheritance goes to the mother in her capacity as a mother, and she does not receive anything in the capacity of a sister. If a Magian marries his daughter and she bears him a daughter, and then he marries the daughter of his daughter, and she bears him another daughter, and then he dies, the wealth is divided among them in thirds. If the first wife, whom he initially married, dies, the inheritance goes to her daughter. If the middle daughter dies after the father's death, then her mother, who is the eldest, is entitled to one-sixth of the inheritance, and her daughter, who is the youngest, receives half. The remainder is distributed between them in proportion to their respective shares. If the deceased daughter is the youngest and the eldest remains, the entire inheritance goes to her mother, who is the middle daughter, while the eldest, being both a sister and a grandmother, does not inherit anything because siblings do not inherit alongside the mother. If a Magian marries his daughter and she bears him two daughters, and then he marries one of them and she bears him a daughter, and then he dies, the inheritance is divided into four equal parts among them, and none of them inherits due to the marital relation. If the daughter whom he married last dies, she leaves behind her daughter, her mother, and her sister, who is also her grandmother. The daughter receives half, the mother gets one-sixth, and the remainder is distributed between them in proportion to their shares, while the sister-grandmother receives nothing. If a Magian marries his mother and she bears him a daughter, and then he marries the daughter and she bears him a son, and then he dies, the mother is entitled to one-sixth, and the remainder is divided between the son and daughter, with the male receiving twice the share of the female. If his mother dies after him, the inheritance goes to her daughter, whom the Magian married, and the daughter's children do not inherit anything alongside their mother. If the mother does not die, but the first daughter dies after the Magian, her mother, who is also the first daughter of the Magian, receives one-sixth of the inheritance. If the son dies after the father while his mother and the Magian's mother are still alive, the entire inheritance goes to his mother, and the Magian's mother does not receive anything. If a Magian marries his mother and she bears him a son and a daughter, and later his son also marries his grandmother (the Magian's mother) and she bears him a daughter, and then the Magian dies, his mother is entitled to one-sixth, and the remainder is divided between his son and daughter, with the male receiving twice the share of the female. If his mother dies after him, the inheritance is divided between her son and daughter in the ratio of two shares for the male and one for the female. If the mother does not die but the son dies after his father, his mother is entitled to one-sixth, and his daughter receives half, while the remainder is distributed between them proportionally according to their shares, and his sister does not inherit anything. If a Magian marries his mother and she bears him a son and a daughter, and then he marries his sister and she bears him a son and a daughter, and later this son also marries his sister and she bears him a son and a daughter, and then the Magian dies, his mother is entitled to one-sixth, and the remainder is divided between his son and daughter, with the male receiving twice the share of the female. If his son dies after him, his mother receives one-sixth, and the remainder is divided between his son and daughter with the same proportion. If his grandson dies after him, his mother receives one-sixth, and the remainder is divided between his son and daughter with the male receiving twice the share of the female. If the Magian's mother dies after all of them, the entire inheritance goes to her daughter, and the remaining relatives are excluded from inheriting.

رَوَى حَمَّادُ بْنُ عِيسَى عَنْ رِبْعِيِّ بْنِ عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: "إِذَا مَاتَ اَلرَّجُلُ فَسَيْفُهُ وَ مُصْحَفُهُ وَ خَاتَمُهُ وَ كُتُبُهُ وَ رَحْلُهُ وَ كِسْوَتُهُ لِأَكْبَرِ وُلْدِهِ فَإِنْ كَانَ اَلْأَكْبَرُ اِبْنَةً فَلِلْأَكْبَرِ مِنَ اَلذُّكُورِ ".

Hammad ibn Isa narrated from Rabiʿ ibn Abdullah from Abu Abdullah Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (a.s) who said: "When a man dies, his sword, his Qur'an, his ring, his books, his saddle, and his clothing belong to his eldest child. If the eldest is a daughter, then they belong to the eldest of the sons."

وَ رَوَى حَمَّادُ بْنُ عِيسَى عَنْ شُعَيْبِ بْنِ يَعْقُوبَ عَنْ أَبِي بَصِيرٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: "اَلْمَيِّتُ إِذَا مَاتَ فَإِنَّ لاِبْنِهِ اَلْأَكْبَرِ اَلسَّيْفَ وَ اَلرَّحْلَ وَ اَلثِّيَابَ ثِيَابَ جِلْدِهِ".

Hammad ibn Isa narrated from Shuayb ibn Yaʿqub from Abu Basir from Abu Abdullah Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (a.s) who said: "When a man dies, his eldest son inherits the sword, the saddle, and his personal clothing."

وَ رَوَى عَلِيُّ بْنُ اَلْحَكَمِ عَنْ أَبَانٍ اَلْأَحْمَرِ عَنْ مُيَسِّرٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُهُ عَنِ اَلنِّسَاءِ مَا لَهُنَّ مِنَ اَلْمِيرَاثِ فَقَالَ "لَهُنَّ قِيمَةُ اَلطُّوبِ وَ اَلْبِنَاءِ وَ اَلْخَشَبِ وَ اَلْقَصَبِ فَأَمَّا اَلْأَرْضُ وَ اَلْعَقَارَاتُ فَلاَ مِيرَاثَ لَهُنَّ فِيهِ" قَالَ قُلْتُ فَالثِّيَابُ قَالَ "اَلثِّيَابُ لَهُنَّ" قَالَ قُلْتُ كَيْفَ صَارَ ذَا وَ لَهُنَّ اَلثُّمُنُ وَ اَلرُّبُعُ مُسَمًّى قَالَ "لِأَنَّ اَلْمَرْأَةَ لَيْسَ لَهَا نَسَبٌ تَرِثُ بِهِ إِنَّمَا هِيَ دَخِيلٌ عَلَيْهِمْ وَ إِنَّمَا صَارَ هَذَا هَكَذَا، لِئَلاَّ تَتَزَوَّجَ اَلْمَرْأَةُ فَيَجِيءَ زَوْجُهَا أَوْ وُلْدُ قَوْمٍ آخَرِينَ فَيُزَاحِمَ قَوْماً فِي عَقَارِهِمْ".

Ali ibn Al-Hakam narrated from Aban Al-Ahmar from Muyassir from Abu Abdullah Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (a.s) who said: "I asked Imam (a.s) about women and what share they have in inheritance. Imam (a.s) said: 'They have the value of bricks, buildings, wood, and reeds, but as for land and properties, they have no inheritance in them.' I said: 'What about clothing?' Imam (a.s) said: 'Clothing is for them.' I said: 'How is this, while they have a specified share of one-eighth or one-fourth?' Imam (a.s) said: 'Because a woman has no lineage through which she inherits; she is merely an addition to them. This ruling exists so that a woman does not marry, and then her husband or the children of another people come and compete with others in their properties.'"

وَ كَتَبَ اَلرِّضَا عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ إِلَى مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ سِنَانٍ فِيمَا كَتَبَ مِنْ جَوَابِ مَسَائِلِهِ: "عِلَّةُ اَلْمَرْأَةِ أَنَّهَا لاَ تَرِثُ مِنَ اَلْعَقَارَاتِ شَيْئاً إِلاَّ قِيمَةَ اَلطُّوبِ وَ اَلنِّقْضِ لِأَنَّ اَلْعَقَارَ لاَ يُمْكِنُ تَغْيِيرُهُ وَ قَلْبُهُ وَ اَلْمَرْأَةُ قَدْ يَجُوزُ أَنْ يَنْقَطِعَ مَا بَيْنَهَا وَ بَيْنَهُ مِنَ اَلْعِصْمَةِ وَ يَجُوزُ تَغْيِيرُهَا وَ تَبْدِيلُهَا وَ لَيْسَ اَلْوَلَدُ وَ اَلْوَالِدُ كَذَلِكَ لِأَنَّهُ لاَ يُمْكِنُ اَلتَّفَصِّي مِنْهُمَا وَ اَلْمَرْأَةُ يُمْكِنُ اَلاِسْتِبْدَالُ بِهَا فَمَا يَجُوزُ أَنْ يَجِيءَ وَ يَذْهَبَ كَانَ مِيرَاثُهُ فِيمَا يَجُوزُ تَبْدِيلُهُ وَ تَغْيِيرُهُ إِذْ أَشْبَهَهُمَا وَ كَانَ اَلثَّابِتُ اَلْمُقِيمُ عَلَى حَالِهِ كَمَنْ كَانَ مِثْلَهُ فِي اَلثَّبَاتِ وَ اَلْقِيَامِ".

Imam Ali ibn Musa Ar-Ridha (a.s) wrote to Muhammad ibn Sinan in response to his questions: "The reason why a woman does not inherit anything from real estate except for the value of bricks and demolition materials is because real estate cannot be altered or transformed. A woman may experience a severance of the marital bond, and she herself may change or be replaced. However, a child and a parent are not like that, for separation from them is not possible. A woman, on the other hand, can be replaced. Therefore, what is subject to coming and going, her inheritance is in what can be altered and changed, as it resembles her nature. What is permanent and remains as it is belongs to those who are similar in stability and permanence."

وَ فِي رِوَايَةِ اَلْحَسَنِ بْنِ مَحْبُوبٍ عَنِ اَلْأَحْوَلِ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ سَمِعْتُهُ يَقُولُ: "لاَ يَرِثْنَ اَلنِّسَاءُ مِنَ اَلْعَقَارِ شَيْئاً وَ لَهُنَّ قِيمَةُ اَلْبِنَاءِ وَ اَلشَّجَرِ وَ اَلنَّخْلِ".

In the narration of Al-Hasan ibn Mahbub from Al-Ahwal from Abu Abdullah Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (a.s), he said: "I heard Imam (a.s) say: 'Women do not inherit anything from real estate, but they are entitled to the value of buildings, trees, and palm trees.'"

يَعْنِي بِالْبِنَاءِ الدُّورَ وَ إِنَّمَا عَنَى مِنَ النِّسَاءِ الزَّوْجَةَ.

By "buildings," he meant houses, and by "women," Imam (a.s) specifically referred to the wife.

وَ رَوَى مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ اَلْوَلِيدِ عَنْ حَمَّادِ بْنِ عُثْمَانَ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: "إِنَّمَا جُعِلَ لِلْمَرْأَةِ قِيمَةُ اَلْخَشَبِ وَ اَلطُّوبِ لِئَلاَّ تَتَزَوَّجَ فَتُدْخِلَ عَلَيْهِمْ مَنْ يُفْسِدُ مَوَارِيثَهُمْ ".

Muhammad ibn Al-Walid narrated from Hammad ibn Uthman from Abu Abdullah Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (a.s) who said: "The woman was only given the value of wood and bricks so that she does not marry and bring into the family someone who would corrupt their inheritance."

وَ الطُّوبُ الطَّوَابِيقُ الْمَطْبُوخَةُ مِنَ الْآجُرِّ.

The term "ṭub" refers to baked bricks made from clay.

وَ فِي رِوَايَةِ اَلْحَسَنِ بْنِ مَحْبُوبٍ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ رِئَابٍ وَ خَطَّابٍ أَبِي مُحَمَّدٍ اَلْهَمْدَانِيِّ عَنْ طِرْبَالٍ عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: "إِنَّ اَلْمَرْأَةَ لاَ تَرِثُ مِمَّا تَرَكَ زَوْجُهَا مِنَ اَلْقُرَى وَ اَلدُّورِ وَ اَلسِّلاَحِ وَ اَلدَّوَابِّ وَ تَرِثُ مِنَ اَلْمَالِ وَ اَلرَّقِيقِ وَ اَلثِّيَابِ وَ مَتَاعِ اَلْبَيْتِ مِمَّا تَرَكَ" فَقَالَ "وَ يُقَوَّمُ نِقْضُ اَلْأَجْذَاعِ وَ اَلْقَصَبِ وَ اَلْأَبْوَابِ فَتُعْطَى حَقَّهَا مِنْهُ".

In the narration of Al-Hasan ibn Mahbub from Ali ibn Riʾab and Khaṭṭab Abu Muhammad Al-Hamdani from Ṭirbal from Abu Jafar Imam Al-Baqir (a.s), he said: "A woman does not inherit from what her husband leaves behind of villages, houses, weapons, or animals. However, she inherits from money, slaves, clothing, and household items that he leaves behind." Imam (a.s) then said: "The dismantled parts of palm trunks, reeds, and doors are evaluated, and she is given her rightful share from that."

وَ رَوَى أَبَانٌ عَنِ اَلْفَضْلِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اَلْمَلِكِ أَوِ اِبْنِ أَبِي يَعْفُورٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُهُ عَنِ اَلرَّجُلِ هَلْ يَرِثُ دَارَ اِمْرَأَتِهِ وَ أَرْضَهَا مِنَ اَلتُّرْبَةِ شَيْئاً أَوْ يَكُونُ فِي ذَلِكَ بِمَنْزِلَةِ اَلْمَرْأَةِ فَلاَ يَرِثُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ شَيْئاً فَقَالَ "يَرِثُهَا وَ تَرِثُهُ مِنْ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ تَرَكَ وَ تَرَكَتْ".

Aban narrated from Al-Faḍl ibn Abd Al-Malik or Ibn Abi Yaʿfur from Abu Abdullah (a.s) who said: "I asked Imam (a.s) about a man - does he inherit his wife's house and land from the soil, or is he like the woman who does not inherit anything from that?" Imam (a.s) replied: "He inherits from her, and she inherits from him, from everything either of them leaves behind."

قَالَ مُصَنِّفُ هَذَا الْكِتَابِ رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ هَذَا إِذَا كَانَ لَهَا مِنْهُ وَلَدٌ أَمَّا إِذَا لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهَا مِنْهُ وَلَدٌ فَلَا تَرِثُ مِنَ الْأُصُولِ إِلَّا قِيمَتَهَا وَ تَصْدِيقُ ذَلِكَ مَا رَوَاهُ.

The compiler of this book (may Allah (swt) have mercy on him) said: This applies when she has a child from him. However, if she has no child from him, then she does not inherit from real estate except for its value. The confirmation of this is in what has been narrated.

مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَبِي عُمَيْرٍ عَنِ اِبْنِ أُذَيْنَةَ: "فِي اَلنِّسَاءِ إِذَا كَانَ لَهُنَّ وَلَدٌ أُعْطِينَ مِنَ اَلرِّبَاعِ ".

Muhammad ibn Abi Umayr narrated from Ibn Udhayna: "In the case of women, if they have a child, they are given from the inheritance of property."

وَ كَتَبَ اَلرِّضَا عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ إِلَى مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ سِنَانٍ فِيمَا كَتَبَ مِنْ جَوَابِ مَسَائِلِهِ: "عِلَّةُ إِعْطَاءِ اَلنِّسَاءِ نِصْفَ مَا يُعْطَى اَلرِّجَالَ مِنَ اَلْمِيرَاثِ لِأَنَّ اَلْمَرْأَةَ إِذَا تَزَوَّجَتْ أَخَذَتْ وَ اَلرَّجُلُ يُعْطِي فَلِذَلِكَ وُفِّرَ عَلَى اَلرِّجَالِ". وَ عِلَّةٌ أُخْرَى فِي إِعْطَاءِ الذَّكَرِ مِثْلَيْ مَا تُعْطَى الْأُنْثَى لِأَنَّ الْأُنْثَى فِي عِيَالِ الذَّكَرِ إِنِ احْتَاجَتْ وَ عَلَيْهِ أَنْ يَعُولَهَا وَ عَلَيْهِ نَفَقَتُهَا وَ لَيْسَ عَلَى الْمَرْأَةِ أَنْ تَعُولَ الرَّجُلَ وَ لَا تُؤْخَذُ بِنَفَقَتِهِ إِنِ احْتَاجَ فَوُفِّرَ عَلَى الرَّجُلِ لِذَلِكَ وَ ذَلِكَ قَوْلُ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ الرِّجالُ قَوَّامُونَ عَلَى النِّساءِ بِما فَضَّلَ اللَّهُ بَعْضَهُمْ عَلى بَعْضٍ وَ بِما أَنْفَقُوا مِنْ أَمْوالِهِمْ

Imam Ali ibn Musa Ar-Ridha (a.s) wrote to Muhammad ibn Sinan in response to his questions: "The reason women are given half of what men receive from inheritance is because when a woman marries, she receives, whereas a man gives. Therefore, more has been allocated to men." Imam (a.s) continued: "Another reason for giving the male twice as much as the female is that the female is under the care of the male if she is in need, and it is his responsibility to support her and provide for her. However, a woman is not required to support a man, nor is she responsible for his expenses if he is in need. Therefore, more has been allocated to the man for this reason. This is in accordance with the saying of Allah (swt), the Mighty and Majestic: 'Men are the protectors and maintainers of women because Allah (swt) has given one more (strength) than the other and because they spend from their wealth.'" (Surah An-Nisa 4:34).

وَ فِي رِوَايَةِ حَمْدَانَ بْنِ اَلْحُسَيْنِ عَنِ اَلْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ اَلْوَلِيدِ عَنِ اِبْنِ بُكَيْرٍ عَنْ عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ بْنِ سِنَانٍ قَالَ: قُلْتُ لِأَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ لِأَيِّ عِلَّةٍ صَارَ اَلْمِيرَاثُ "لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ اَلْأُنْثَيَيْنِ" قَالَ "لِمَا جَعَلَ اَللَّهُ لَهَا مِنَ اَلصَّدَاقِ".

In the narration of Hamdan ibn Al-Husayn from Al-Husayn ibn Al-Walid from Ibn Bukayr from Abdullah ibn Sinan, he said: "I asked Abu Abdullah (a.s), 'For what reason is the inheritance for the male equal to the share of two females?' Imam (a.s) replied: 'Because Allah (swt) has allocated the dowry (ṣadaq) for her.'"

وَ رَوَى اِبْنُ أَبِي عُمَيْرٍ عَنْ هِشَامٍ: أَنَّ اِبْنَ أَبِي اَلْعَوْجَاءِ قَالَ -: لِمُحَمَّدِ بْنِ اَلنُّعْمَانِ اَلْأَحْوَلِ مَا بَالُ اَلْمَرْأَةِ اَلضَّعِيفَةِ لَهَا سَهْمٌ وَاحِدٌ وَ لِلرَّجُلِ اَلْقَوِيِّ اَلْمُوسِرِ سَهْمَانِ قَالَ فَذَكَرْتُ ذَلِكَ لِأَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ فَقَالَ "إِنَّ اَلْمَرْأَةَ لَيْسَ لَهَا عَاقِلَةٌ وَ لاَ عَلَيْهَا نَفَقَةٌ وَ لاَ جِهَادٌ" وَ عَدَّدَ أَشْيَاءَ غَيْرَ هَذَا "وَ هَذَا عَلَى اَلرَّجُلِ فَلِذَلِكَ جُعِلَ لَهُ سَهْمَانِ وَ لَهَا سَهْمٌ".

Ibn Abi Umayr narrated from Hisham that Ibn Abi Al-Awjaʾ said to Muhammad ibn Al-Nuʿman Al-Ahwal: "Why does the weak woman have one share while the strong and wealthy man has two shares?" He said: "I mentioned this to Abu Abdullah (a.s), and Imam (a.s) said: 'A woman has no obligation to pay blood money (Aqilah), nor is she responsible for financial maintenance, nor is she required to participate in jihad.'" Imam (a.s) then listed other responsibilities beyond these and continued; "These obligations are upon the man. Therefore, he was given two shares, and she was given one."

وَ رَوَى مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ اَلْكُوفِيُّ عَنْ مُوسَى بْنِ عِمْرَانَ اَلنَّخَعِيِّ عَنْ عَمِّهِ اَلْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ يَزِيدَ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ سَالِمٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ فَقُلْتُ لَهُ كَيْفَ صَارَ اَلْمِيرَاثُ "لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ اَلْأُنْثَيَيْنِ" فَقَالَ "لِأَنَّ اَلْحَبَّاتِ اَلَّتِي أَكَلَهَا آدَمُ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ وَ حَوَّاءُ فِي اَلْجَنَّةِ كَانَتْ ثَمَانِيَ عَشْرَةَ حَبَّةً أَكَلَ آدَمُ مِنْهَا اِثْنَتَيْ عَشْرَةَ حَبَّةً وَ أَكَلَتْ حَوَّاءُ سِتّاً فَلِذَلِكَ صَارَ اَلْمِيرَاثُ "لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ اَلْأُنْثَيَيْنِ" ".

Muhammad ibn Abi Abdullah Al-Kufi narrated from Musa ibn ʿImran Al-Nakhaʿi from his uncle Al-Husayn ibn Yazid from Ali ibn Salim from his father, who said: "I asked Abu Abdullah (a.s), 'Why is the inheritance for the male equal to the share of two females?' Imam (a.s) replied: 'Because the grains that Adam (a.s) and Hawwaʾ ate in Paradise were eighteen grains. Adam ate twelve of them, and Hawwaʾ ate six. For this reason, the inheritance is for the male equal to the share of two females.'"

وَ رَوَى اَلنَّضْرُ بْنُ سُوَيْدٍ عَنْ يَحْيَى اَلْحَلَبِيِّ عَنْ أَيُّوبَ بْنِ عَطِيَّةَ اَلْحَذَّاءِ قَالَ سَمِعْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ يَقُولُ كَانَ رَسُولُ اَللَّهِ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ يَقُولُ: "أَنَا أَوْلَى بِكُلِّ مُؤْمِنٍ مِنْ نَفْسِهِ وَ مَنْ تَرَكَ مَالاً فَلِلْوَارِثِ وَ مَنْ تَرَكَ دَيْناً أَوْ ضَيَاعاً فَإِلَيَّ وَ عَلَيَّ ".

Al-Nadr ibn Suwayd narrated from Yahya Al-Halabi, from Ayyub ibn Atiyyah Al-Hadhdha', who said: I heard Abu Abdullah (a.s) narrated that the Prophet of Allah (swt) (peace and blessings be upon him and his family) used to say: "I have a greater claim over every believer than his own self. Whoever leaves behind wealth, it is for his heirs, and whoever leaves behind debt or dependents in need, then it is upon me and my responsibility."

وَ رَوَى إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ مُسْلِمٍ اَلسَّكُونِيُّ عَنْ جَعْفَرِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنْ أَبِي ذَرٍّ رَحْمَةُ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ قَالَ سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اَللَّهِ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ يَقُولُ: "إِذَا مَاتَ اَلْمَيِّتُ فِي سَفَرٍ فَلاَ تَكْتُمُوا مَوْتَهُ أَهْلَهُ فَإِنَّهَا أَمَانَةٌ لِعِدَّةِ اِمْرَأَتِهِ تَعْتَدُّ وَ مِيرَاثُهُ يُقْسَمُ بَيْنَ أَهْلِهِ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَمُوتَ اَلْمَيِّتُ مِنْهُمْ فَيَذْهَبَ نَصِيبُهُ".

Ismaʿil ibn Muslim Al-Sakuni narrated from Jaf Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (a.s) from his father, Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (a.s) from Abu Dharr (may Allah (swt) have mercy on him) who said: "I heard the Messenger of Allah (swt) (peace and blessings be upon him and his family) say: 'When a person dies during a journey, do not conceal his death from his family, for it is a trust concerning the waiting period (ʿiddah) of his wife so that she may observe it, and his inheritance can be distributed among his family before any of them dies, causing his share to be lost.'"

وَ قَالَ اَلصَّادِقُ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: "إِنَّ اَللَّهَ تَبَارَكَ وَ تَعَالَى آخَى بَيْنَ اَلْأَرْوَاحِ فِي اَلْأَظِلَّةِ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَخْلُقَ اَلْأَجْسَادَ بِأَلْفَيْ عَامٍ فَلَوْ قَدْ قَامَ قَائِمُنَا أَهْلَ اَلْبَيْتِ وَرَّثَ اَلْأَخَ اَلَّذِي آخَى بَيْنَهُمَا فِي اَلْأَظِلَّةِ وَ لَمْ يُوَرِّثِ اَلْأَخَ فِي اَلْوِلاَدَةِ".

Abu Abdullah Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (a.s) said: "Indeed, Allah (swt), the Blessed and Exalted, established brotherhood between souls in the realm of shadows (Al-aẓillah) two thousand years before creating bodies. So, when our Qaʾim (Imam Muhammad ibn Hassan Al-Mahdi (a.s)) from the Ahl Al-Bayt (a.s) rises, He (a.s) will give inheritance to the brother with whom brotherhood was established in the realm of shadows and will not give inheritance to the brother through birth."