Man Lā Yaḥḍuruh al-Faqīh

رَوَى مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَبِي عُمَيْرٍ عَنْ جَمِيلِ بْنِ دَرَّاجٍ قَالَ قَالَ أَبُو عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: فِي رَجُلٍ رَهَنَ عِنْدَ رَجُلٍ رَهْناً فَضَاعَ اَلرَّهْنُ قَالَ "هُوَ مِنْ مَالِ اَلرَّاهِنِ وَ يَرْتَجِعُ اَلْمُرْتَهَنُ عَلَيْهِ بِمَالِهِ".

Muhammad ibn Abi Umayr narrated from Jamil ibn Darraj, who said that Abu Abdullah (a.s) was asked about a man who gave collateral (rahn) to another man, but the collateral was lost. Imam (a.s) said: "It is the responsibility of the pledger (rahin), and the pledgee (murtahin) has the right to claim his money from him."

وَ فِي رِوَايَةِ إِسْمَاعِيلَ بْنِ مُسْلِمٍ عَنْ جَعْفَرِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْ آبَائِهِ عَلَيْهِمُ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اَللَّهِ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ: "اَلظَّهْرُ يُرْكَبُ إِذَا كَانَ مَرْهُوناً وَ عَلَى اَلَّذِي يَرْكَبُهُ نَفَقَتُهُ وَ اَلدَّرُّ يُشْرَبُ إِذَا كَانَ مَرْهُوناً وَ عَلَى اَلَّذِي يَشْرَبُ اَلدَّرَّ نَفَقَتُهُ ".

In a narration from Ismail ibn Muslim, from Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (a.s) from his father, Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (a.s), from his forefathers (peace be upon them), from Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (a.s), who said that the Messenger of Allah (swt) (peace be upon him and his family) said: "The back (of a riding animal) may be ridden if it is given as collateral (rahn), and the one who rides it is responsible for its expenses. And the milk may be drunk if it is given as collateral, and the one who drinks the milk is responsible for its expenses."

وَ رَوَى صَفْوَانُ بْنُ يَحْيَى عَنْ إِسْحَاقَ بْنِ عَمَّارٍ عَنْ أَبِي إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: قُلْتُ لَهُ اَلرَّجُلُ يَرْتَهِنُ اَلْعَبْدَ فَيُصِيبُهُ عَوَرٌ أَوْ يَنْقُصُ مِنْ جَسَدِهِ شَيْءٌ عَلَى مَنْ يَكُونُ نُقْصَانُ ذَلِكَ قَالَ "عَلَى مَوْلاَهُ" قَالَ قُلْتُ إِنَّ اَلنَّاسَ يَقُولُونَ إِنْ رَهَنْتَ اَلْعَبْدَ فَمَرِضَ أَوِ اِنْفَقَأَتْ عَيْنُهُ فَأَصَابَهُ نُقْصَانٌ فِي جَسَدِهِ يَنْقُصُ مِنْ مَالِ اَلرَّجُلِ بِقَدْرِ مَا يَنْقُصُ مِنَ اَلْعَبْدِ قَالَ "أَ رَأَيْتَ لَوْ أَنَّ اَلْعَبْدَ قَتَلَ عَلَى مَنْ تَكُونُ جِنَايَتُهُ" قَالَ "جِنَايَتُهُ فِي عُنُقِهِ".

Safwan ibn Yahya narrated from Ishaq ibn Ammar, who said: I asked Abu Ibrahim (Imam Musa ibn Jafar Al-Kadhim (a.s)) about a man who takes a slave as collateral (rahn), and the slave suffers an injury, such as losing an eye or any reduction in his physical condition. Who bears the loss for such a deficiency? Imam (a.s) replied: "It is upon his master." I said: "The people say that if you give a slave as collateral and he falls ill, loses an eye, or suffers a physical defect, the man's wealth should decrease in proportion to the loss in the slave." Imam (a.s) said: "What do you think, if the slave committed murder, who would bear the liability for his crime?" I replied: "His liability would remain upon him."

وَ رَوَى اَلْحَسَنُ بْنُ مَحْبُوبٍ عَنْ عَبَّادِ بْنِ صُهَيْبٍ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنْ مَتَاعٍ فِي يَدَيْ رَجُلَيْنِ أَحَدُهُمَا يَقُولُ اِسْتَوْدَعْتُكَاهُ وَ اَلْآخَرُ يَقُولُ هُوَ رَهْنٌ فَقَالَ "اَلْقَوْلُ قَوْلُ اَلَّذِي يَقُولُ هُوَ رَهْنٌ عِنْدِي إِلاَّ أَنْ يَأْتِيَ اَلَّذِي اِدَّعَى أَنَّهُ قَدْ أَوْدَعَهُ بِشُهُودٍ".

Al-Hasan ibn Mahbub narrated from 'Abbad ibn Suhayb, who said: I asked Abu Abdullah (a.s) about an item held by two men, one of them claims, "I entrusted it to you as a deposit (wadi'ah)," while the other says, "It is collateral (rahn) with me." Imam (a.s) said: "The statement of the one who claims it is collateral (rahn) is accepted unless the one who claims it was entrusted (wadi'ah) presents witnesses."

وَ رَوَى اَلْحَسَنُ بْنُ مَحْبُوبٍ عَنْ أَبِي وَلاَّدٍ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنِ اَلرَّجُلِ يَأْخُذُ اَلدَّابَّةَ وَ اَلْبَعِيرَ رَهْناً بِمَالِهِ هَلْ لَهُ أَنْ يَرْكَبَهُمَا فَقَالَ "إِنْ كَانَ يَعْلِفُهُمَا فَلَهُ أَنْ يَرْكَبَهُمَا وَ إِنْ كَانَ اَلَّذِي أَرْهَنَهُمَا عِنْدَهُ يَعْلِفُهُمَا فَلَيْسَ لَهُ أَنْ يَرْكَبَهُمَا".

Al-Hasan ibn Mahbub narrated from Abu Walad, who said: I asked Abu Abdullah (a.s) about a man who takes a riding animal or a camel as collateral (rahn) for his money, does he have the right to ride them? Imam (a.s) said: "If he is the one feeding them, then he has the right to ride them. But if the one who pledged them as collateral is the one feeding them, then he does not have the right to ride them."

وَ رَوَى اَلْحَسَنُ بْنُ مَحْبُوبٍ عَنْ إِبْرَاهِيمَ اَلْكَرْخِيِّ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنِ اَلرَّجُلِ رَهَنَ بِمَالِهِ أَرْضاً أَوْ دَاراً لَهُمَا غَلَّةٌ كَثِيرَةٌ فَقَالَ "عَلَى اَلَّذِي اِرْتَهَنَ اَلْأَرْضَ وَ اَلدَّارَ بِمَالِهِ أَنْ يَحْسُبَ لِصَاحِبِ اَلْأَرْضِ وَ اَلدَّارِ مَا أَخَذَ مِنَ اَلْغَلَّةِ وَ يَطْرَحَهُ عَنْهُ مِنَ اَلدَّيْنِ لَهُ".

Al-Hasan ibn Mahbub narrated from Ibrahim al-Karkhi, who said: I asked Abu Abdullah (a.s) about a man who took a piece of land or a house as collateral (rahn) for his money, and both the land and the house produced abundant yield. Imam (a.s) said: "It is upon the one who took the land and the house as collateral for his money to calculate what he has taken from the yield and deduct it from the debt owed to him."

وَ رَوَى مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ حَسَّانَ عَنْ أَبِي عِمْرَانَ اَلْأَرْمَنِيِّ عَنْ عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ بْنِ اَلْحَكَمِ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنْ رَجُلٍ أَفْلَسَ وَ عَلَيْهِ دَيْنٌ لِقَوْمٍ وَ عِنْدَ بَعْضِهِمْ رُهُونٌ وَ لَيْسَ عِنْدَ بَعْضِهِمْ فَمَاتَ وَ لاَ يُحِيطُ مَالُهُ بِمَا عَلَيْهِ مِنَ اَلدَّيْنِ قَالَ "يُقْسَمُ جَمِيعُ مَا خَلَّفَ مِنَ اَلرُّهُونِ وَ غَيْرِهَا عَلَى أَرْبَابِ اَلدَّيْنِ بِالْحِصَصِ".

Muhammad ibn Hassan narrated from Abi Imran al-Armani, from Abdullah ibn al-Hakam, who said: I asked Abu Abdullah (a.s) about a man who became bankrupt and owed debts to some people, some of whom held collateral (ruhun) while others did not. The man then died, and his remaining wealth was insufficient to cover his debts. Imam (a.s) said: "All that he left behind, including the collateral and other possessions, shall be divided among the creditors in proportion to their shares of the debt."

قَالَ: وَ سَأَلْتُهُ عَنْ رَجُلٍ رَهَنَ عِنْدَ رَجُلٍ رَهْناً عَلَى أَلْفِ دِرْهَمٍ وَ اَلرَّهْنُ يُسَاوِي أَلْفَيْنِ فَضَاعَ قَالَ "يَرْجِعُ عَلَيْهِ بِفَضْلِ مَا رَهَنَهُ وَ إِنْ كَانَ أَنْقَصَ مِمَّا رَهَنَهُ عَلَيْهِ رَجَعَ عَلَى اَلرَّاهِنِ بِالْفَضْلِ وَ إِنْ كَانَ اَلرَّهْنُ يَسْوَي مَا رَهَنَهُ عَلَيْهِ فَالرَّهْنُ بِمَا فِيهِ".

He (narrator) said: I asked him about a man who deposited collateral (rahn) with another man against a debt of one thousand dirhams, while the value of the collateral was two thousand dirhams, but the collateral was lost. Imam (a.s) said: "The creditor shall reclaim from the debtor the surplus value of what was pledged. If the value of the collateral was less than the debt, the creditor shall reclaim the remaining balance from the debtor. However, if the value of the collateral equaled the debt, then the collateral suffices as payment for the debt."

قَالَ مُصَنِّفُ هَذَا الْكِتَابِ رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ هَذَا مَتَى ضَاعَ الرَّهْنُ بِتَضْيِيعِ الْمُرْتَهِنِ لَهُ فَأَمَّا إِذَا ضَاعَ مِنْ حِرْزِهِ أَوْ غُلِبَ عَلَيْهِ يَرْجِعُ بِمَالِهِ عَلَى الرَّاهِنِ وَ تَصْدِيقُ ذَلِكَ.

The compiler of this book, may Allah (swt) have mercy on him, added: "This ruling applies when the collateral is lost due to the creditor's negligence. However, if it is lost while securely stored or by overpowering circumstances, the creditor may reclaim the debt from the debtor, as confirmed by the narration."

مَا رَوَاهُ عَلِيُّ بْنُ اَلْحَكَمِ عَنْ أَبَانِ بْنِ عُثْمَانَ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: "فِي اَلرَّهْنِ إِذَا ضَاعَ مِنْ عِنْدِ اَلْمُرْتَهِنِ مِنْ غَيْرِ أَنْ يَسْتَهْلِكَهُ رَجَعَ بِحَقِّهِ عَلَى اَلرَّاهِنِ فَأَخَذَهُ وَ إِنِ اِسْتَهْلَكَهُ تَرَادَّا اَلْفَضْلَ بَيْنَهُمَا".

Ali ibn al-Hakam narrated from Aban ibn Uthman, from Abu Abdullah (a.s): "Regarding a pledge (rahn), if it is lost while in the possession of the creditor (murtahin) without being consumed by him, he may reclaim his right from the pledger (rahin) and take it. However, if the creditor consumed it, then they should settle the surplus value between them."

وَ رَوَى مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ قَيْسٍ عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: "إِنْ رَهَنَ رَجُلٌ أَرْضاً فِيهَا ثَمَرَةٌ فَإِنَّ ثَمَرَتَهَا مِنْ حِسَابِ مَالِهِ وَ لَهُ حِسَابُ مَا عَمِلَ فِيهَا وَ أَنْفَقَ فِيهَا فَإِذَا اِسْتَوْفَى مَالَهُ فَلْيَدْفَعِ اَلْأَرْضَ إِلَى صَاحِبِهَا".

Muhammad ibn Qays narrated from Abu Ja'far Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (a.s): "If a man pledges (rahn) a piece of land that contains fruit, then its produce shall be accounted as part of his payment. He is also entitled to calculate what he worked on and spent on it. Once his debt is settled, he must return the land to its owner."

وَ رَوَى إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ مُسْلِمٍ عَنْ جَعْفَرِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ قَالَ عَلِيٌّ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: فِي رَهْنٍ اِخْتَلَفَ فِيهِ اَلرَّاهِنُ وَ اَلْمُرْتَهِنُ فَقَالَ "اَلرَّاهِنُ هُوَ بِكَذَا وَ كَذَا" وَ قَالَ "اَلْمُرْتَهِنُ هُوَ بِأَكْثَرَ إِنَّهُ يُصَدَّقُ اَلْمُرْتَهِنُ حَتَّى يُحِيطَ بِالثَّمَنِ لِأَنَّهُ أَمِينٌ".

Isma'il ibn Muslim narrated from Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (a.s) from his father, Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (a.s) (peace be upon them), who said that Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (a.s) stated: "In a case of dispute over a pledged item (rahn) between the pledger (rahin) and the pledgee (murtahin), where the pledger claims its value is such-and-such, and the pledgee claims it is of a higher value, the pledgee shall be believed until the value covers the debt because he is considered trustworthy."

وَ رَوَى صَفْوَانُ بْنُ يَحْيَى عَنْ إِسْحَاقَ بْنِ عَمَّارٍ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنْ رَجُلٍ يَكُونُ عِنْدَهُ اَلرَّهْنُ فَلاَ يَدْرِي لِمَنْ هُوَ مِنَ اَلنَّاسِ فَقَالَ "مَا أُحِبُّ أَنْ يَبِيعَهُ حَتَّى يَجِيءَ صَاحِبُهُ" قُلْتُ لاَ يَدْرِي لِمَنْ هُوَ مِنَ اَلنَّاسِ فَقَالَ "فِيهِ فَضْلٌ أَوْ نُقْصَانٌ" قُلْتُ فَإِنْ كَانَ فِيهِ فَضْلٌ أَوْ نُقْصَانٌ مَا يَصْنَعُ قَالَ "إِنْ كَانَ فِيهِ نُقْصَانٌ فَهُوَ أَهْوَنُ يَبِيعُهُ فَيُؤْجَرُ بِمَا بَقِيَ وَ إِنْ كَانَ فِيهِ فَضْلٌ فَهُوَ أَشَدُّهُمَا عَلَيْهِ يَبِيعُهُ وَ يُمْسِكُ فَضْلَهُ حَتَّى يَجِيءَ صَاحِبُهُ".

Safwan ibn Yahya narrated from Ishaq ibn Ammar, who said: "I asked Abu Ibrahim (Imam Musa ibn Jafar Al-Kadhim (a.s)) about a man who has a pledged item (rahn) in his possession but does not know to whom it belongs. Imam (a.s) said: 'I do not recommend that he sell it until its owner comes.' I said: 'He does not know to whom it belongs.' Imam (a.s) replied: 'Does it have any excess value or deficiency?' I said: 'What if it has excess or deficiency, what should he do?' Imam (a.s) said: 'If it has a deficiency, it is easier; he may sell it and be rewarded for what remains. However, if it has excess value, that is more difficult; he should sell it and hold the surplus until its owner comes.' "

قَالَ مُصَنِّفُ هَذَا الْكِتَابِ رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ هَذَا إِذَا لَمْ يَعْرِفْ صَاحِبَهُ وَ لَمْ يَطْمَعْ فِي رُجُوعِهِ فَمَتَى عَرَفَ صَاحِبَهُ فَلَيْسَ لَهُ بَيْعُهُ حَتَّى يَجِيءَ وَ تَصْدِيقُ ذَلِكَ.

The compiler of this book, may Allah (swt) have mercy on him, commented: "This applies if the owner is unknown and there is no expectation of his return. However, if the owner is identified, it is not permissible to sell it until the owner comes."

مَا رَوَاهُ اَلْقَاسِمُ بْنُ سُلَيْمَانَ عَنْ عُبَيْدِ بْنِ زُرَارَةَ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: فِي رَجُلٍ رَهَنَ رَهْناً إِلَى وَقْتٍ ثُمَّ غَابَ هَلْ لَهُ وَقْتٌ يُبَاعُ فِيهِ رَهْنُهُ فَقَالَ "لاَ حَتَّى يَجِيءَ".

Al-Qasim ibn Sulaiman narrated from Ubayd ibn Zurara, who reported from Abu Abdullah (a.s) regarding a man who pledged a security (rahn) for a specified time and then disappeared, should there be a time set to sell his pledge?" Imam (a.s) replied: "No, it should not be sold until he returns."

وَ رَوَى أَبَانٌ عَنْ عُبَيْدِ بْنِ زُرَارَةَ قَالَ: قُلْتُ لِأَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ رَجُلٌ رَهَنَ عِنْدَ رَجُلٍ سِوَارَيْنِ فَهَلَكَ أَحَدُهُمَا قَالَ "يَرْجِعُ بِحَقِّهِ فِيمَا بَقِيَ".

Aban narrated from Ubayd ibn Zurara, who said: "I asked Abu Abdullah (a.s) about a man who pledged two bracelets (siwarayn) as security with another man, and one of them was destroyed." Imam (a.s) replied: "He may reclaim his right from what remains."

وَ قَالَ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: فِي رَجُلٍ رَهَنَ عِنْدَ رَجُلٍ دَاراً فَاحْتَرَقَتْ أَوِ اِنْهَدَمَتْ قَالَ "يَكُونُ مَالُهُ فِي تُرْبَةِ اَلْأَرْضِ".

Imam (a.s) said regarding a man who pledged a house as security with another man, and the house either burned down or collapsed: "His wealth remains in the soil of the land."

وَ قَالَ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: فِي رَجُلٍ رَهَنَ عِنْدَهُ رَجُلٌ مَمْلُوكاً فَجُذِمَ أَوْ رَهَنَ عِنْدَهُ مَتَاعاً فَلَمْ يَنْشُرْ ذَلِكَ اَلْمَتَاعَ وَ لَمْ يَتَعَاهَدْهُ وَ لَمْ يُحَرِّكْهُ فَأُكِلَ يَعْنِي أَكَلَهُ اَلسُّوسُ هَلْ يَنْقُصُ مِنْ مَالِهِ بِقَدْرِ ذَلِكَ قَالَ "لاَ".

Imam (a.s) was asked about a man who had pledged a slave as security, and the slave developed leprosy, or about a man who pledged goods as security but did not inspect, maintain, or move those goods, and they were consumed by worms. Imam (a.s) said: "No, it does not diminish from his wealth by that amount."

وَ رَوَى حَمَّادٌ عَنِ اَلْحَلَبِيِّ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: فِي اَلرَّجُلِ يَرْهَنُ عِنْدَ اَلرَّجُلِ اَلرَّهْنَ فَيُصِيبُهُ تَوًى أَوْ ضَاعَ قَالَ "يَرْجِعُ بِمَالِهِ عَلَيْهِ".

Hammad narrated from Al-Halabi, from Abu Abdullah (a.s), regarding a man who pledged a security with another man, and the security was destroyed or lost. Imam (a.s) said: "He may reclaim his money from him."

وَ رَوَى مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عِيسَى بْنِ عُبَيْدٍ عَنْ سُلَيْمَانَ بْنِ حَفْصٍ اَلْمَرْوَزِيِّ قَالَ: كَتَبْتُ إِلَى أَبِي اَلْحَسَنِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ فِي رَجُلٍ مَاتَ وَ عَلَيْهِ دَيْنٌ وَ لَمْ يُخَلِّفْ شَيْئاً إِلاَّ رَهْناً فِي يَدِ بَعْضِهِمْ وَ لاَ يَبْلُغُ ثَمَنُهُ أَكْثَرَ مِنْ مَالِ اَلْمُرْتَهِنِ أَ يَأْخُذُهُ بِمَالِهِ أَوْ هُوَ وَ سَائِرُ اَلدُّيَّانِ فِيهِ شُرَكَاءُ فَكَتَبَ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ "جَمِيعُ اَلدُّيَّانِ فِي ذَلِكَ سَوَاءٌ يُوَزِّعُونَهُ بَيْنَهُمْ بِالْحِصَصِ " قَالَ وَ كَتَبْتُ إِلَيْهِ فِي رَجُلٍ مَاتَ وَ لَهُ وَرَثَةٌ فَجَاءَ رَجُلٌ فَادَّعَى عَلَيْهِ مَالاً وَ أَنَّ عِنْدَهُ رَهْناً فَكَتَبَ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ "إِنْ كَانَ لَهُ عَلَى اَلْمَيِّتِ مَالٌ وَ لاَ بَيِّنَةَ لَهُ عَلَيْهِ فَلْيَأْخُذْ مَالَهُ مِمَّا فِي يَدِهِ وَ لْيَرُدَّ اَلْبَاقِيَ عَلَى وَرَثَتِهِ وَ مَتَى أَقَرَّ بِمَا عِنْدَهُ أُخِذَ بِهِ وَ طُولِبَ بِالْبَيِّنَةِ عَلَى دَعْوَاهُ وَ أَوْفَى حَقَّهُ بَعْدَ اَلْيَمِينِ وَ مَتَى لَمْ يُقِمِ اَلْبَيِّنَةَ وَ اَلْوَرَثَةُ مُنْكِرُونَ فَلَهُ عَلَيْهِمْ يَمِينُ عِلْمٍ يَحْلِفُونَ بِاللَّهِ مَا يَعْلَمُونَ أَنَّ لَهُ عَلَى مَيِّتِهِمْ حَقّاً".

Muhammad bin Isa bin Ubaid narrated from Sulaiman bin Hafs Al-Marwazi, who said: I wrote to Abu Al-Hasan (a.s) about a man who died and had a debt, leaving nothing except a pledged item in the possession of someone. The value of the pledge did not exceed the creditor's due amount. I asked whether the creditor could take it for his claim or if all creditors shared in it. Imam (a.s) wrote: "All creditors are equal in this matter and must distribute it among themselves in proportion to their claims." He further said: I wrote to Imam (a.s) about a man who died, leaving heirs. Then someone came forward, claiming a debt against him and that he held a pledge for it. Imam (a.s) wrote: "If he has a claim against the deceased but has no evidence for it, he may take his due from what is in his possession and return the remainder to the heirs. However, if he admits to what he possesses, he is bound by it and must provide evidence for his claim. He must fulfill his right after swearing an oath. If he cannot provide evidence and the heirs deny the claim, then the heirs must take an oath of knowledge, swearing by Allah (swt) that they have no knowledge of any right owed to him by their deceased."

وَ رَوَى فَضَالَةُ عَنْ أَبَانٍ عَنْ رَجُلٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُهُ كَيْفَ يَكُونُ اَلرَّهْنُ بِمَا فِيهِ إِنْ كَانَ حَيَوَاناً أَوْ دَابَّةً أَوْ فِضَّةً أَوْ مَتَاعاً فَأَصَابَهُ حَرِيقٌ أَوْ لُصُوصٌ فَهَلَكَ مَالُهُ أَوْ نَقَصَ مَتَاعُهُ وَ لَيْسَ لَهُ عَلَى مُصِيبَتِهِ بَيِّنَةٌ قَالَ "إِذَا ذَهَبَ مَتَاعُهُ كُلُّهُ فَلَمْ يُوجَدْ لَهُ شَيْءٌ فَلاَ شَيْءَ عَلَيْهِ" قَالَ "وَ إِنْ قَالَ ذَهَبَ مِنْ بَيْنِ مَالِي وَ لَهُ مَالٌ فَلاَ يُصَدَّقُ".

Fadalah narrated from Aban, who narrated from a man, that Abu Abdillah (a.s) was asked: "How does the collateral (rahn) remain valid in cases where it is an animal, a mount, silver, or goods, and it gets destroyed due to fire or theft, causing the owner's loss or a decrease in its value, and there is no evidence to support the claim of loss?" Imam (a.s) said: "If all of his goods are completely destroyed and nothing remains, then there is nothing (no liability) upon him." Imam (a.s) further said: "However, if he claims that the loss occurred from among his possessions while he still possesses other property, he will not be believed."

وَ رَوَى أَحْمَدُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَبِي نَصْرٍ اَلْبَزَنْطِيُّ عَنْ دَاوُدَ بْنِ اَلْحُصَيْنِ عَنْ أَبِي اَلْعَبَّاسِ اَلْفَضْلِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اَلْمَلِكِ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُهُ عَنْ رَجُلٍ رَهَنَ عِنْدَهُ آخَرُ عَبْدَيْنِ فَهَلَكَ أَحَدُهُمَا أَ يَكُونُ حَقُّهُ فِي اَلْآخَرِ قَالَ "نَعَمْ" قُلْتُ أَوْ دَاراً فَاحْتَرَقَتْ أَ يَكُونُ حَقُّهُ فِي اَلتُّرْبَةِ قَالَ "نَعَمْ" قُلْتُ أَوْ دَابَّتَيْنِ فَهَلَكَتْ إِحْدَاهُمَا أَ يَكُونُ حَقُّهُ فِي اَلْأُخْرَى قَالَ "نَعَمْ" قُلْتُ أَوْ مَتَاعاً فَهَلَكَ مِنْ طُولِ مَا تَرَكَهُ أَوْ طَعَاماً فَفَسَدَ أَوْ غُلاَماً فَأَصَابَهُ جُدَرِيٌّ فَعَمِيَ أَوْ ثِيَاباً تَرَكَهَا مَطْوِيَّةً لَمْ يَتَعَاهَدْهَا وَ لَمْ يَنْشُرْهَا حَتَّى هَلَكَتْ قَالَ "هَذَا نَحْوُ وَاحِدٍ يَكُونُ حَقُّهُ عَلَيْهِ".

Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Nasr al-Bazanti narrated from Dawud ibn al-Husayn, who narrated from Abu al-Abbas al-Fadl ibn Abd al-Malik, who narrated from Abu Abdillah (a.s): I asked him about a man who took two slaves as collateral (rahn) from another man, and one of them perished. Does his right apply to the other slave? Imam (a.s) said: "Yes." I asked: What if it was a house that burned down? Does his right remain in the land? Imam (a.s) said: "Yes." I asked: What if it was two animals and one of them perished? Does his right apply to the other? Imam (a.s) said: "Yes." I asked: What if it was merchandise that was destroyed because it was left for a long time, or food that spoiled, or a servant who became blind due to smallpox, or clothes that were left folded without being aired out until they were ruined? Imam (a.s) said: "All of this is the same case. His right remains applicable to the remaining property."

وَ رَوَى صَفْوَانُ بْنُ يَحْيَى عَنْ إِسْحَاقَ بْنِ عَمَّارٍ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنِ اَلرَّجُلِ يَرْهَنُ اَلرَّهْنَ بِمِائَةِ دِرْهَمٍ وَ هُوَ يُسَاوِي ثَلاَثَمِائَةِ دِرْهَمٍ فَيُهْلِكُهُ أَ عَلَى اَلرَّجُلِ أَنْ يَرُدَّ عَلَى صَاحِبِهِ مِائَتَيْ دِرْهَمٍ قَالَ "نَعَمْ لِأَنَّهُ أَخَذَ رَهْناً فِيهِ فَضْلٌ وَ ضَيَّعَهُ" قُلْتُ فَهَلَكَ نِصْفُ اَلرَّهْنِ قَالَ "عَلَى حِسَابِ ذَلِكَ" قُلْتُ فَيَتَرَادَّانِ اَلْفَضْلَ قَالَ "نَعَمْ".

Safwan ibn Yahya narrated from Ishaq ibn Ammar, who said: I asked Abu Ibrahim (Imam Musa ibn Jafar Al-Kadhim (a.s)) about a man who takes an item as collateral (rahn) for one hundred dirhams, while its value is three hundred dirhams, and it gets destroyed. Is the man required to return two hundred dirhams to its owner? Imam (a.s) said: "Yes, because he took collateral that had surplus value and then caused its loss." I asked: What if half of the collateral is destroyed? Imam (a.s) said: "It will be accounted for accordingly." I asked: Should they return the surplus value between them? Imam (a.s) said: "Yes."

وَ رَوَى مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ قَيْسٍ عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: "قَضَى أَمِيرُ اَلْمُؤْمِنِينَ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ فِي اَلرَّهْنِ إِذَا كَانَ أَكْثَرَ مِنْ مَالِ اَلْمُرْتَهِنِ فَهَلَكَ أَنْ يُؤَدَّى اَلْفَضْلُ إِلَى صَاحِبِ اَلرَّهْنِ وَ إِنْ كَانَ اَلرَّهْنُ أَقَلَّ مِنْ مَالِهِ فَهَلَكَ اَلرَّهْنُ أَدَّى إِلَيْهِ صَاحِبُهُ فَضْلَ مَالِهِ وَ إِنْ كَانَ اَلرَّهْنُ يَسْوَى مَا رَهَنَهُ فَلَيْسَ عَلَيْهِ شَيْءٌ ".

Muhammad ibn Qays narrated from Abu Ja'far Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (a.s): "Commander of the Faithful (a.s) ruled regarding collateral (rahn) that if its value is greater than the debt owed to the creditor and it is destroyed, the excess value must be returned to the owner of the collateral. And if the collateral is worth less than the debt and is destroyed, the debtor must pay the remaining amount owed to the creditor. But if the value of the collateral equals the debt, then there is no further obligation on either party."

وَ رَوَى فَضَالَةُ عَنْ أَبَانٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: "إِذَا اِخْتَلَفَا فِي اَلرَّهْنِ فَقَالَ أَحَدُهُمَا رَهَنْتَهُ بِأَلْفِ دِرْهَمٍ وَ قَالَ اَلْآخَرُ رَهَنْتُهُ بِمِائَةِ دِرْهَمٍ فَإِنَّهُ يُسْأَلُ صَاحِبُ اَلْأَلْفِ اَلْبَيِّنَةَ فَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ بَيِّنَةٌ حَلَفَ صَاحِبُ اَلْمِائَةِ وَ إِنْ كَانَ اَلرَّهْنُ أَقَلَّ مِمَّا رَهَنَ بِهِ أَوْ أَكْثَرَ وَ اِخْتَلَفَا فِي اَلرَّهْنِ فَقَالَ أَحَدُهُمَا هُوَ رَهْنٌ وَ قَالَ اَلْآخَرُ هُوَ وَدِيعَةٌ فَإِنَّهُ يُسْأَلُ صَاحِبُ اَلْوَدِيعَةِ اَلْبَيِّنَةَ فَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ بَيِّنَةٌ حَلَفَ صَاحِبُ اَلرَّهْنِ ".

Fadalah narrated from Aban, from Abu Abdillah (a.s): "If two parties disagree about the value of collateral (rahn), with one claiming it was pledged for one thousand dirhams and the other claiming it was pledged for one hundred dirhams, the one claiming the higher value must present evidence. If he cannot provide evidence, the one claiming the lower value must take an oath." "Similarly, if the collateral is worth either less or more than the claimed amount, and they disagree about its status, whether it is collateral (rahn) or a deposit (wadi'ah), the one claiming it is a deposit must present evidence. If he cannot provide evidence, the one claiming it is collateral must take an oath."

وَ رَوَى صَفْوَانُ بْنُ يَحْيَى عَنْ إِسْحَاقَ بْنِ عَمَّارٍ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنِ اَلرَّجُلِ يَرْهَنُ اَلْعَبْدَ أَوِ اَلثَّوْبَ أَوِ اَلْحُلِيَّ أَوْ مَتَاعَ اَلْبَيْتِ فَيَقُولُ صَاحِبُ اَلْمَتَاعِ لِلْمُرْتَهِنِ أَنْتَ فِي حِلٍّ مِنْ لُبْسِ هَذَا اَلثَّوْبِ اِلْبَسِ اَلثَّوْبَ وَ اِنْتَفِعْ بِالْمَتَاعِ وَ اِسْتَخْدِمِ اَلْخَادِمَ قَالَ "هُوَ لَهُ حَلاَلٌ إِذَا أَحَلَّهُ لَهُ وَ مَا أُحِبُّ أَنْ يَفْعَلَ" قُلْتُ فَارْتَهَنَ دَاراً لَهَا غَلَّةٌ لِمَنِ اَلْغَلَّةُ قَالَ "لِصَاحِبِ اَلدَّارِ" قُلْتُ فَارْتَهَنَ أَرْضاً بَيْضَاءَ فَقَالَ لَهُ صَاحِبُ اَلْأَرْضِ اِزْرَعْهَا لِنَفْسِكَ فَقَالَ "هَذَا حَلاَلٌ لَيْسَ هَذَا مِثْلَ هَذَا يَزْرَعُهَا بِمَالِهِ فَهُوَ لَهُ حَلاَلٌ كَمَا أَحَلَّهُ لِأَنَّهُ يَزْرَعُ بِمَالِهِ وَ يَعْمُرُهَا".

Safwan ibn Yahya narrated from Ishaq ibn Ammar, who said: "I asked Abu Ibrahim (Imam Musa ibn Jafar Al-Kadhim (a.s)) about a man who pledges a slave, garment, jewelry, or household items as collateral, and the owner of the property tells the creditor, 'You are permitted to use this garment, wear it, benefit from the property, and use the servant.' The Imam (a.s) replied: 'It is lawful for him if the owner permits it, but I do not like him to do so.' " I then asked: 'What if someone pledges a house that produces income, who does the income belong to?' Imam (a.s) replied: 'The income belongs to the owner of the house.' " I further asked: 'What if someone pledges a barren land and the owner of the land tells him to cultivate it for himself?' Imam (a.s) replied: 'This is lawful. It is not the same as the previous case. He cultivates it with his own money, so it is lawful for him as the owner has permitted it, because he invests his own resources and develops the land.' "

وَ رَوَى صَفْوَانُ بْنُ يَحْيَى عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ رَبَاحٍ اَلْقَلاَّءِ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا اَلْحَسَنِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنْ رَجُلٍ هَلَكَ أَخُوهُ وَ تَرَكَ صُنْدُوقاً فِيهِ رُهُونٌ بَعْضُهَا عَلَيْهِ اِسْمُ صَاحِبِهِ وَ بِكَمْ هُوَ رُهِنَ وَ بَعْضُهَا لاَ يُدْرَى لِمَنْ هُوَ وَ لاَ بِكَمْ هُوَ رُهِنَ مَا تَرَى فِي هَذَا اَلَّذِي لاَ يُعْرَفُ صَاحِبُهُ فَقَالَ "هُوَ كَمَالِهِ".

Safwan ibn Yahya narrated from Muhammad ibn Rabah al-Qalla', who said: "I asked Abu al-Hasan (a.s) about a man whose brother passed away and left behind a box containing pledged items. Some of these items had the names of their owners and the amounts for which they were pledged, while others had no information about their owners or the amounts for which they were pledged. What is the ruling regarding the items whose owners are unknown?" Imam (a.s) replied: 'They are treated as part of his property.' "

وَ رَوَى أَبُو اَلْحُسَيْنِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ اَلْأَسَدِيُّ رَضِيَ اَللَّهُ عَنْهُ عَنْ مُوسَى بْنِ عِمْرَانَ اَلنَّخَعِيِّ عَنْ عَمِّهِ اَلْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ يَزِيدَ اَلنَّوْفَلِيِّ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ سَالِمٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنِ اَلْخَبَرِ اَلَّذِي رُوِيَ "أَنَّ مَنْ كَانَ بِالرَّهْنِ أَوْثَقَ مِنْهُ بِأَخِيهِ اَلْمُؤْمِنِ فَأَنَا مِنْهُ بَرِيءٌ" فَقَالَ "ذَلِكَ إِذَا ظَهَرَ اَلْحَقُّ وَ قَامَ قَائِمُنَا أَهْلَ اَلْبَيْتِ " قُلْتُ فَالْخَبَرُ اَلَّذِي رُوِيَ "أَنَّ رِبْحَ اَلْمُؤْمِنِ عَلَى اَلْمُؤْمِنِ رِبًا مَا هُوَ" قَالَ "ذَاكَ إِذَا ظَهَرَ اَلْحَقُّ وَ قَامَ قَائِمُنَا أَهْلَ اَلْبَيْتِ وَ أَمَّا اَلْيَوْمَ فَلاَ بَأْسَ بِأَنْ يَبِيعَ مِنَ اَلْأَخِ اَلْمُؤْمِنِ وَ يَرْبَحَ عَلَيْهِ".

Abu al-Husayn Muhammad ibn Ja'far al-Asadi (may Allah (swt) be pleased with him) narrated from Musa ibn Imran al-Nakha'i, from his uncle al-Husayn ibn Yazid al-Nawfali, from Ali ibn Salim, from his father, who said: "I asked Abu Abdullah (a.s) about the report that has been narrated: 'Whoever relies more on a pledge (rahn) than on his believing brother, I am free from him.' Imam (a.s) replied: 'That applies when the truth becomes manifest, and our Qaim (the Mahdi Imam Muhammad ibn Hassan Al-Mahdi (a.s)) from among the Ahlulbayt (a.s) rises.' I then asked about the report that says: 'The profit earned by a believer from another believer is riba (usury).' Imam (a.s) said: 'That applies when the truth becomes manifest, and our Qaim (a.s) from among the Ahlulbayt (a.s) rises. As for today, there is no harm if a believer sells to his believing brother and earns profit from him.' "

وَ رَوَى اَلْعَلاَءُ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ مُسْلِمٍ عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُهُ عَنِ اَلرَّجُلِ يَرْهَنُ جَارِيَتَهُ أَ يَحِلُّ لَهُ أَنْ يَطَأَهَا قَالَ "إِنَّ اَلَّذِينَ اِرْتَهَنُوهَا يَحُولُونَ بَيْنَهُ وَ بَيْنَهَا" قُلْتُ أَ رَأَيْتَ إِنْ قَدَرَ عَلَيْهَا خَالِياً وَ لَمْ يَعْلَمِ اَلَّذِينَ اِرْتَهَنُوهَا قَالَ "نَعَمْ لاَ أَرَى بِهَذَا بَأْساً".

Al-Alaa narrated from Muhammad ibn Muslim, who reported from Abu Jafar Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (a.s): "I asked Imam (a.s) about a man who pledges his bondwoman (as collateral). Is it permissible for him to have intercourse with her?" Imam (a.s) replied: "Those who have taken her as collateral (the creditors) prevent him from having access to her." I then asked: "What if he manages to be with her privately without the knowledge of those who took her as collateral?" Imam (a.s) said: "Yes, I do not see any harm in this."