Man Lā Yaḥḍuruh al-Faqīh

رَوَى عُقْبَةُ بْنُ خَالِدٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: فِي رَجُلٍ مَرِضَ فِي شَهْرِ رَمَضَانَ فَلَمَّا بَرَأَ أَرَادَ اَلْحَجَّ كَيْفَ يَصْنَعُ بِقَضَاءِ اَلصَّوْمِ قَالَ «إِذَا رَجَعَ فَلْيَصُمْهُ».

It was narrated by Uqbah ibn Khalid from Abu Abdullah (a.s): "Regarding a man who became ill during the Month of Ramadan and, after recovering, intended to perform Hajj, how should he deal with making up the missed fasts? Imam (a.s) said: 'When he returns, he should fast them.'"

وَ سَأَلَهُ عَبْدُ اَلرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ: عَنْ قَضَاءِ شَهْرِ رَمَضَانَ فِي ذِي اَلْحِجَّةِ وَ قَطْعِهِ قَالَ «اِقْضِهِ فِي ذِي اَلْحِجَّةِ وَ اِقْطَعْهُ إِنْ شِئْتَ ».

It was narrated that Abdul Rahman ibn Abi Abdullah asked: "About making up the missed fasts of the Month of Ramadan during Dhul-Hijjah and interrupting it (for any reason). Imam (a.s) said: 'Make it up in Dhul-Hijjah and interrupt it if you wish.'"

وَ رَوَى اَلْحَلَبِيُّ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: «إِذَا كَانَ عَلَى اَلرَّجُلِ شَيْءٌ مِنْ صَوْمِ شَهْرِ رَمَضَانَ فَلْيَقْضِهِ فِي أَيِّ شَهْرٍ شَاءَ أَيَّاماً مُتَتَابِعَةً فَإِنْ لَمْ يَسْتَطِعْ فَلْيَقْضِهِ كَيْفَ شَاءَ وَ لْيُحْصِ اَلْأَيَّامَ فَإِنْ فَرَّقَ فَحَسَنٌ وَ إِنْ تَابَعَ فَحَسَنٌ».

Al-Halabi narrated from Abu Abdullah (a.s): "If a man has missed fasts from the Month of Ramadan, he may make them up in any month he wishes, in consecutive days. If he is unable to do so, he may make them up as he is able, counting the days. Whether he separates the days or fasts them consecutively, both are acceptable."

وَ سَأَلَ سُلَيْمَانُ بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ اَلْجَعْفَرِيُّ أَبَا اَلْحَسَنِ اَلرِّضَا عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: عَنِ اَلرَّجُلِ يَكُونُ عَلَيْهِ أَيَّامٌ مِنْ شَهْرِ رَمَضَانَ أَ يَقْضِيهَا مُتَفَرِّقَةً قَالَ «لاَ بَأْسَ بِتَفْرِقَةِ قَضَاءِ شَهْرِ رَمَضَانَ إِنَّمَا اَلصِّيَامُ اَلَّذِي لاَ يُفَرَّقُ صَوْمُ كَفَّارَةِ اَلظِّهَارِ وَ كَفَّارَةِ اَلدَّمِ وَ كَفَّارَةِ اَلْيَمِينِ ».

Sulaiman ibn Ja'far Al-Ja'fari asked Abu Al-Hasan Al-Ridha (a.s) about a man who has missed days from the Month of Ramadan. Can he make them up non-consecutively? Imam (a.s) replied: "There is no harm in making up the fasts of the Month of Ramadan separately. The fasting that must not be separated is the fast of expiation for zhihar, expiation for shedding blood, and expiation for breaking an oath."

وَ رَوَى جَمِيلٌ عَنْ زُرَارَةَ عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: فِي اَلرَّجُلِ يَمْرَضُ فَيُدْرِكُهُ شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ وَ يَخْرُجُ عَنْهُ وَ هُوَ مَرِيضٌ فَلاَ يَصِحُّ حَتَّى يُدْرِكَهُ شَهْرُ رَمَضَانٍ آخَرُ قَالَ «يَتَصَدَّقُ عَنِ اَلْأَوَّلِ وَ يَصُومُ اَلثَّانِيَ وَ إِنْ كَانَ صَحَّ فِيمَا بَيْنَهُمَا وَ لَمْ يَصُمْ حَتَّى أَدْرَكَهُ شَهْرُ رَمَضَانٍ آخَرُ صَامَهُمَا جَمِيعاً وَ تَصَدَّقَ عَنِ اَلْأَوَّلِ.

Jameel narrated from Zurara from Abu Ja'far (a.s) regarding a man who becomes ill and the Month of Ramadan arrives while he is still sick. If he recovers after Month of Ramadan but does not make up the fasts before another Month of Ramadan arrives, what is his duty? Imam (a.s) replied: "He should give charity for the first missed Month of Ramadan (a mudd of food for each day) and fast the second Month of Ramadan. However, if he recovered in between the two Month of Ramadans and did not fast until the next Month of Ramadan came, then he must fast both Month of Ramadans and also give charity for the first."

ومن فاته شهر رمضان حتى يدخل الشهر الثالث من مرض فعليه أن يصوم هذا الذي دخله وتصدق عن الأول لكل يوم بمد من طعام ويقضي الثاني.

If the illness extends into a third Month of Ramadan, the duty is to fast the current Month of Ramadan, give a mudd of food for each day of the first missed Month of Ramadan, and then make up the fasts of the second missed Month of Ramadan.

وَ رَوَى اِبْنُ مَحْبُوبٍ عَنِ اَلْحَارِثِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ بُرَيْدٍ اَلْعِجْلِيِّ عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: فِي رَجُلٍ أَتَى أَهْلَهُ فِي يَوْمٍ يَقْضِيهِ مِنْ شَهْرِ رَمَضَانَ قَالَ «إِنْ كَانَ أَتَى أَهْلَهُ قَبْلَ اَلزَّوَالِ فَلاَ شَيْءَ عَلَيْهِ إِلاَّ يَوْماً مَكَانَ يَوْمٍ وَ إِنْ أَتَى أَهْلَهُ بَعْدَ زَوَالِ اَلشَّمْسِ فَإِنَّ عَلَيْهِ أَنْ يَتَصَدَّقَ عَلَى عَشَرَةِ مَسَاكِينَ لِكُلِّ مِسْكِينٍ مُدٌّ فَإِنْ لَمْ يَقْدِرْ عَلَيْهِ صَامَ يَوْماً مَكَانَ يَوْمٍ وَ صَامَ ثَلاَثَةَ أَيَّامٍ كَفَّارَةً لِمَا صَنَعَ ». وَ قَدْ رُوِيَ: «أَنَّهُ إِنْ أَفْطَرَ قَبْلَ اَلزَّوَالِ فَلاَ شَيْءَ عَلَيْهِ وَ إِنْ أَفْطَرَ بَعْدَ اَلزَّوَالِ فَعَلَيْهِ اَلْكَفَّارَةُ مِثْلُ مَا عَلَى مَنْ أَفْطَرَ يَوْماً مِنْ شَهْرِ رَمَضَانَ ».

Ibn Mahboub narrated from Al-Harith ibn Muhammad from Buraid Al-Ijli from Abu Ja'far (a.s) regarding a man who engaged with his wife during a day when he was making up a missed fast from Month of Ramadan. Abu Ja'far (a.s) said: "If he engaged with her before midday, there is nothing upon him except to fast another day in place of that day. However, if he engaged with her after the sun had passed its zenith, then he must feed ten needy people, giving each a mudd of food. If he cannot afford this, he should fast one day in place of the missed day and add three additional days as expiation for what he did." It has also been narrated: "If he broke his fast before midday, there is no penalty upon him. But if he broke his fast after midday, then he must offer expiation similar to that required for breaking a fast during Month of Ramadan."

وَ رَوَى سَمَاعَةُ عَنْ أَبِي بَصِيرٍ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنِ اَلْمَرْأَةِ تَقْضِي شَهْرَ رَمَضَانَ فَيُكْرِهُهَا زَوْجُهَا عَلَى اَلْإِفْطَارِ فَقَالَ «لاَ يَنْبَغِي أَنْ يُكْرِهَهَا بَعْدَ زَوَالِ اَلشَّمْسِ».

Sama‘ah narrated from Abu Basir, who said: I asked Abu ‘Abd Allah (a.s) about a woman making up missed fasts from Month of Ramadan, and her husband compels her to break her fast. Imam (a.s) said: "It is not appropriate for him to compel her to break her fast after the sun has passed its zenith."

وَ سَأَلَهُ سَمَاعَةُ: عَنْ قَوْلِهِ اَلصَّائِمُ بِالْخِيَارِ إِلَى زَوَالِ اَلشَّمْسِ قَالَ «إِنَّ ذَلِكَ فِي اَلْفَرِيضَةِ فَأَمَّا فِي اَلنَّافِلَةِ فَلَهُ أَنْ يُفْطِرَ أَيَّ سَاعَةٍ شَاءَ إِلَى غُرُوبِ اَلشَّمْسِ».

Sama‘ah asked Abu ‘Abd Allah (a.s) about the statement: "The fasting person has the option until the sun passes its zenith." Imam (a.s) replied: "That applies to obligatory fasts. As for voluntary fasts, one may break the fast at any time they wish until sunset."

وَ رَوَى اِبْنُ فَضَّالٍ عَنْ صَالِحِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ اَلْخَثْعَمِيِّ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنِ اَلرَّجُلِ يَنْوِي اَلصَّوْمَ فَيَلْقَاهُ أَخُوهُ اَلَّذِي هُوَ عَلَى أَمْرِهِ فَيَسْأَلُهُ أَنْ يُفْطِرَ أَ يُفْطِرُ قَالَ «إِنْ كَانَ تَطَوُّعاً أَجْزَأَهُ وَ حُسِبَ لَهُ وَ إِنْ كَانَ قَضَاءَ فَرِيضَةٍ قَضَاهُ ».

Ibn Faddal narrated from Salih ibn Abd Allah al-Khath’ami, who said: I asked Abu ‘Abd Allah (a.s) about a man who intends to fast and then meets his brother, who shares his faith, and his brother requests him to break his fast. Should he break his fast? Imam (a.s) replied: "If it is a voluntary fast, it will suffice, and it will be counted for him. However, if it is a fast making up for an obligatory one, then he must make it up again."

وإذا أصبح الرجل وليس من نيته أن يصوم ثم بدا له فله أن يصوم.

Additionally, if a person begins the day without the intention of fasting but later decides to fast, they may do so.

وَسُئِلَ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ: "عَنِ الصَّائِمِ الْمُتَطَوِّعِ، تُعْرَضُ لَهُ الْحَاجَةُ، فَقَالَ: هُوَ بِالْخِيَارِ مَا بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ الْعَصْرِ، وَإِنْ مَكَثَ حَتَّى الْعَصْرِ ثُمَّ بَدَا لَهُ أَنْ يَصُومَ وَلَمْ يَكُنْ نَوَى ذَلِكَ، فَلَهُ أَنْ يَصُومَ ذَلِكَ الْيَوْمَ إِنْ شَاءَ". وإذا طهرت المرأة من حيضها وقد بقي عليها بقية يوم صامت ذلك المقدار تأديبا وعليها قضاء ذلك اليوم، وإن حاضت وقد بقي عليها بقية يوم أفطرت وعليها القضاء.

Imam (a.s) was asked about a voluntary fasting person who encounters a necessity. Imam (a.s) said: "He is at liberty to decide until the time of ‘Asr (afternoon). If he delays until ‘Asr and then decides to fast, having not initially intended to, he may fast that day if he wishes."

وإذا طهرت المرأة من حيضها وقد بقي عليها بقية يوم صامت ذلك المقدار تأديبا وعليها قضاء ذلك اليوم، وإن حاضت وقد بقي عليها بقية يوم أفطرت وعليها القضاء.

Furthermore, if a woman becomes pure from her menstruation during the day and part of the day remains, she should fast the remaining time as a form of discipline, and she is obligated to make up that day. Similarly, if she begins menstruating during the day and part of the day remains, she should break her fast, and it is obligatory for her to make it up.

وَ رَوَى مُوسَى بْنُ بَكْرٍ عَنِ اَلْفُضَيْلِ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: فِي رَجُلٍ عَلَيْهِ صَوْمُ شَهْرٍ فَصَامَ مِنْهُ خَمْسَةَ عَشَرَ يَوْماً ثُمَّ عَرَضَ لَهُ أَمْرٌ فَقَالَ «إِنْ كَانَ صَامَ خَمْسَةَ عَشَرَ يَوْماً فَلَهُ أَنْ يَقْضِيَ مَا بَقِيَ وَ إِنْ كَانَ صَامَ أَقَلَّ مِنْ خَمْسَةَ عَشَرَ يَوْماً لَمْ يُجْزِئْهُ حَتَّى يَصُومَ شَهْراً تَامّاً ».

Musa ibn Bakr narrated from Al-Fudayl, from Abu Abdullah (a.s), regarding a man obligated to fast for a month who completed fifteen days of fasting and then was interrupted by some matter. Imam (a.s) said: "If he has fasted fifteen days, he may make up the remaining days. However, if he has fasted less than fifteen days, it will not suffice him, and he must start anew and fast a complete month."

وَ رَوَى مَنْصُورُ بْنُ حَازِمٍ عَنْهُ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: فِي رَجُلٍ صَامَ فِي ظِهَارٍ شَعْبَانَ ثُمَّ أَدْرَكَهُ شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ قَالَ «يَصُومُ شَهْرَ رَمَضَانَ ثُمَّ يَسْتَأْنِفُ اَلصَّوْمَ وَ إِنْ هُوَ صَامَ فِي اَلظِّهَارِ فَزَادَ فِي اَلنِّصْفِ يَوْماً قَضَى بَقِيَّتَهُ».

Mansur ibn Hazim narrated from Abu Abdullah (a.s) regarding a man who was fasting as expiation (for zihar) during Sha’ban and then Month of Ramadan began. Imam (a.s) said: "He should fast the Month of Ramadan and then resume the expiation fast. However, if he was fasting for expiation and completed half a day more than the midpoint (of the fast), he can simply complete the remaining days."

وَ رَوَى اِبْنُ مَحْبُوبٍ عَنْ أَبِي أَيُّوبَ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: فِي رَجُلٍ كَانَ عَلَيْهِ صَوْمُ شَهْرَيْنِ مُتَتَابِعَيْنِ فِي ظِهَارٍ فَصَامَ ذَا اَلْقَعْدَةِ وَ دَخَلَ عَلَيْهِ ذُو اَلْحِجَّةِ قَالَ «يَصُومُ ذَا اَلْحِجَّةِ كُلَّهُ إِلاَّ أَيَّامَ اَلتَّشْرِيقِ ثُمَّ يَقْضِيهَا فِي أَوَّلِ يَوْمٍ مِنَ اَلْمُحَرَّمِ حَتَّى يُتِمَّ ثَلاَثَةَ أَيَّامٍ فَيَكُونَ قَدْ صَامَ شَهْرَيْنِ مُتَتَابِعَيْنِ» قَالَ «وَ لاَ يَنْبَغِي لَهُ أَنْ يَقْرَبَ أَهْلَهُ حَتَّى يَقْضِيَ ثَلاَثَةَ أَيَّامِ اَلتَّشْرِيقِ اَلَّتِي لَمْ يَصُمْهَا وَ لاَ بَأْسَ إِنْ صَامَ شَهْراً ثُمَّ صَامَ مِنَ اَلشَّهْرِ اَلَّذِي يَلِيهِ أَيَّاماً ثُمَّ عَرَضَتْ لَهُ عِلَّةٌ أَنْ يَقْطَعَهَا ثُمَّ يَقْضِيَ بَعْدُ تَمَامَ اَلشَّهْرَيْنِ».

Ibn Mahbub narrated from Abu Ayyub from Abu Abdullah (a.s) regarding a man who had to fast for two consecutive months as expiation for zihar. He fasted the month of Dhu al-Qa'dah, and then the month of Dhu al-Hijjah began. Imam (a.s) said: "He should fast the entirety of Dhu al-Hijjah, except for the Days of Tashreeq, and then make up for those three days at the beginning of Muharram to complete the two consecutive months of fasting. He should not approach his wife until he has completed fasting the three Days of Tashreeq that he missed. There is no issue if he fasts one month and then a few days of the following month, but if illness or another impediment arises, he may interrupt the fast and then complete the two consecutive months afterward."