Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām

قال الشيخ رحمه الله:) وتحل الزكاة للاخ والاخت والعم والعمة والخال والخالة وأبنائهم وقراباتهم إذا كانوا من أهل المعرفة وتحرم على الاب والام والابن والبنت والجد والجدة والزوجة والمملوك( إلى آخر الباب

The Shaykh (Al-Mufid), may Allah (swt) have mercy on him, said: “Zakat is lawful for the brother, the sister, the paternal uncle, the paternal aunt, the maternal uncle, the maternal aunt, their children, and their relatives, if they are from the people of recognition (ahl al-marifah). It is unlawful for the father, the mother, the son, the daughter, the grandfather, the grandmother, the wife, and the owned slave,” until the end of the chapter.

مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ يَحْيَى وَ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَنْ عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ بْنِ جَعْفَرٍ عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ حَمْزَةَ قَالَ: قُلْتُ لِأَبِي اَلْحَسَنِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ رَجُلٌ مِنْ مَوَالِيكَ لَهُ قَرَابَةٌ كُلُّهُمْ يَقُولُونَ بِكَ وَ لَهُ زَكَاةٌ أَ يَجُوزُ أَنْ يُعْطِيَهُمْ جَمِيعَ زَكَاتِهِ قَالَ» نَعَمْ«.

Muhammad ibn Yaqub, from Muhammad ibn Yahya and Muhammad ibn Abdullah, from Abdullah ibn Jafar, from Ahmad ibn Hamzah, who said: I (narrator) said to Abu al-Hasan (a.s), peace be upon him: “A man from among your mawali has relatives, all of whom profess belief in you (wilayah), and he has zakat. Is it permissible for him to give them all of his zakat?” Imam (a.s) said: “Yes.”

مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَنْ سَهْلِ بْنِ زِيَادٍ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ مَهْزِيَارَ عَنْ أَبِي اَلْحَسَنِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُهُ عَنِ اَلرَّجُلِ يَضَعُ زَكَاتَهُ كُلَّهَا فِي أَهْلِ بَيْتِهِ وَ هُمْ يَتَوَلَّوْنَكَ فَقَالَ» نَعَمْ«.

Muhammad ibn Abi Abdullah, from Sahl ibn Ziyad, from Ali ibn Mahziyar, from Abu al-Hasan (a.s), said: I (narrator) asked Imam (a.s) about ‘a man who places all of his zakat among the people of his household, while they have wilayah toward you (the Imams (a.s)).’ Imam (a.s) said: “Yes.”

فأما إذا كانوا مخالفين فلا يجوز أن يعطوا وإن كانوا أقارب، يدل على ذلك ما رواه:

As for when they are opponents (mukhalifin), it is not permissible for them to be given, even if they are relatives. That is what he narrated (in the following hadith):

مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ اَلْحَكَمِ عَنْ مُثَنًّى عَنْ أَبِي بَصِيرٍ قَالَ: سَأَلَهُ رَجُلٌ وَ أَنَا أَسْمَعُ فَقَالَ أُعْطِي قَرَابَتِي مِنْ زَكَاةِ مَالِي وَ هُمْ لاَ يَعْرِفُونَكَ قَالَ فَقَالَ» لاَ تُعْطِ اَلزَّكَاةَ إِلاَّ مُسْلِماً وَأَعْطِهِمْ مِنْ غَيْرِ ذَلِكَ« ثُمَّ قَالَ أَبُو عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ» أَتَرَوْنَ إِنَّمَا فِي اَلْمَالِ اَلزَّكَاةُ وَحْدَهَا مَا فَرَضَ اَللَّهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ فِي اَلْمَالِ مِنْ غَيْرِ اَلزَّكَاةِ أَكْثَرُ مِمَّا تُعْطِي مِنْهُ اَلْقَرَابَةَ وَاَلْمُعْتَرِضَ لَكَ مِمَّنْ يَسْأَلُكَ فَتُعْطِيهِ مَا لَمْ تَعْرِفْهُ بِالنَّصْبِ فَإِذَا عَرَفْتَهُ بِالنَّصْبِ فَلاَ تُعْطِهِ إِلاَّ أَنْ تَخَافَ لِسَانَهُ فَتَشْتَرِيَ دِينَكَ وَعِرْضَكَ مِنْهُ«.

Muhammad ibn Yaqub, from Ahmad ibn Muhammad, from Ali ibn al-Hakam, from Muthanna, from Abu Basir, who said: A man asked Imam (a.s) while I was listening, and he asked: “May I give my relatives from the zakat of my wealth, while they do not recognize you?” – meaning wilayah. He (narrator) said, so Imam (a.s) said: “Do not give zakat except to a Muslim, and give them from other than that.” Then Abu Abdillah (a.s), peace be upon him, said: “Do you think that there is nothing due in wealth except zakat alone? What Allah (swt), Mighty and Majestic, has made obligatory in wealth besides zakat is greater than what you give from it to relatives and to those who come before you from among those who ask you, so you give to them, so long as you do not know them to be upon hostility (nasb/nawasib). But when you know him to be upon hostility (nasb), then do not give him, unless you fear his tongue, so you purchase your religion and your honor from him.”

وَ عَنْهُ عَنْ عِدَّةٍ مِنْ أَصْحَابِنَا عَنْ سَهْلِ بْنِ زِيَادٍ عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عِيسَى عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَبِي نَصْرٍ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ اَلرِّضَا عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنِ اَلرَّجُلِ لَهُ قَرَابَةٌ وَمَوَالٍ وَأَيْتَامٌ يُحِبُّونَ أَمِيرَ اَلْمُؤْمِنِينَ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ وَ لَيْسَ يَعْرِفُونَ صَاحِبَ هَذَا اَلْأَمْرِ أَ يُعْطَوْنَ مِنَ اَلزَّكَاةِ قَالَ» لاَ«.

And from him, from several of our companions, from Sahl ibn Ziyad, from Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Isa, from Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Nasr, who said: I (narrator) asked Imam al-Ridha (a.s), peace be upon him, about ‘a man who has relatives, mawali, and orphans who love the Commander of the Faithful (a.s), peace be upon him, but do not recognize the master of this matter (rightful Imam of the time). Are they to be given from zakat?’ Imam (a.s) said: “No.”

اَلْحُسَيْنُ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ عَنِ اَلنَّضْرِ بْنِ سُوَيْدٍ عَنْ زُرْعَةَ عَنْ سَمَاعَةَ وَ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَبِي نَصْرٍ عَنْ أَبِي بَصِيرٍ قَالَ: قُلْتُ لِأَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ اَلرَّجُلُ تَكُونُ عَلَيْهِ اَلزَّكَاةُ وَ لَهُ قَرَابَةٌ مُحْتَاجُونَ غَيْرُ عَارِفِينَ أَ يُعْطِيهِمْ مِنَ اَلزَّكَاةِ فَقَالَ» لاَ وَ لاَ كَرَامَةَ لاَ يَجْعَلُ اَلزَّكَاةَ وِقَايَةً لِمَالِهِ يُعْطِيهِمْ مِنْ غَيْرِ اَلزَّكَاةِ إِنْ أَرَادَ«.

Al-Husayn ibn Said, from al-Nadr ibn Suwayd, from Zurah, from Samaah, and Muhammad ibn Abi Nasr, from Abu Basir, who said: I (narrator) said to Abu Abdillah (a.s), peace be upon him: “A man has zakat due upon him, and he has needy relatives who are not recognizers (of wilayah). Should he give them from zakat?” Imam (a.s) said: “No, and no honor. He must not make zakat a protection for his wealth. He may give them from other than zakat, if he wishes.”

فأما من لا تحل له الزكاة فقد روى:

As for one for whom zakat is not lawful, he narrated (in the following hadith):

مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ عَنْ عِدَّةٍ مِنْ أَصْحَابِنَا عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عِيسَى عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ اَلْحَكَمِ عَنْ عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ بْنِ عُتْبَةَ عَنْ إِسْحَاقَ بْنِ عَمَّارٍ عَنْ أَبِي اَلْحَسَنِ مُوسَى عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: قُلْتُ لَهُ لِي قَرَابَةٌ أُنْفِقُ عَلَى بَعْضِهِمْ وَ أُفَضِّلُ بَعْضَهُمْ عَلَى بَعْضٍ فَيَأْتِينِي إِبَّانُ اَلزَّكَاةِ أَفَأُعْطِيهِمْ مِنْهَا قَالَ» أَمُسْتَحِقُّونَ لَهَا« قُلْتُ نَعَمْ قَالَ» هُمْ أَفْضَلُ مِنْ غَيْرِهِمْ أَعْطِهِمْ« قَالَ قُلْتُ فَمَنِ اَلَّذِي يَلْزَمُنِي مِنْ ذَوِي قَرَابَتِي حَتَّى لاَ أَحْتَسِبَ اَلزَّكَاةَ عَلَيْهِ قَالَ» أَبُوكَ وَ أُمُّكَ« قُلْتُ أَبِي وَ أُمِّي قَالَ» اَلْوَالِدَانِ وَاَلْوُلْدُ«.

Muhammad ibn Yaqub, from several of our companions, from Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Isa, from Ali ibn al-Hakam, from Abdullah ibn Utbah, from Ishaq ibn Ammar, from Abu al-Hasan Musa (a.s), peace be upon him, who said: I (narrator) said to Imam (a.s): “I have relatives and I spend on some of them and prefer some of them over others. Then the time of zakat comes to me, may I give them from it?” Imam (a.s) said: “Are they entitled to it?” I (narrator) replied: “Yes.” Imam (a.s) said: “They are better than others (non-relatives); give them.” He (narrator) said: “I asked: ‘Then who is it among my relatives whose maintenance is binding upon me, so that I may not count zakat upon him?’” Imam (a.s) said: “Your father and your mother.” I (narrator) asked: “My father and my mother?” Imam (a.s) said: “The parents and the child.”

مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ يَحْيَى عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ اَلْحُسَيْنِ عَنْ صَفْوَانَ عَنْ عَبْدِ اَلرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ اَلْحَجَّاجِ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ قَالَ:» خَمْسَةٌ لاَ يُعْطَوْنَ مِنَ اَلزَّكَاةِ شَيْئاً اَلْأَبُ وَاَلْأُمُّ وَاَلْوَلَدُ وَاَلْمَمْلُوكُ وَاَلْمَرْأَةُ وَ ذَلِكَ أَنَّهُمْ عِيَالُهُ لاَزِمُونَ لَهُ«.

Muhammad ibn Yaqub, from Muhammad ibn Yahya, from Muhammad ibn al-Husayn, from Safwan, from Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Hajjaj, from Abu Abdullah, who said: Imam (a.s) said: “Five are not to be given anything from zakat; the father, the mother, the child, the owned slave, and the wife. And that is because they are his dependents, bound to him.”

وَعَنْهُ عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ إِدْرِيسَ وَغَيْرِهِ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَحْمَدَ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اَلْحَمِيدِ عَنْ أَبِي جَمِيلَةَ عَنْ زَيْدٍ اَلشَّحَّامِ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ:» فِي اَلزَّكَاةِ يُعْطَى مِنْهَا اَلْأَخُ وَ اَلْأُخْتُ وَاَلْعَمُّ وَاَلْعَمَّةُ وَاَلْخَالُ وَاَلْخَالَةُ وَ لاَ يُعْطَى اَلْجَدُّ وَ لاَ اَلْجَدَّةُ«.

And from him, from Ahmad ibn Idris and others, from Muhammad ibn Ahmad, from Muhammad ibn Abd al-Hamid, from Abu Jamilah, from Zayd al-Shahham, from Abu Abdillah (a.s), peace be upon him, who said: Imam (a.s) said: “In zakat; the brother, the sister, the paternal uncle, the paternal aunt, the maternal uncle, and the maternal aunt are given from it. But the grandfather is not given, nor the grandmother.”

فَأَمَّا مَا رَوَاهُ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ يَحْيَى عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ عِمْرَانَ بْنِ إِسْمَاعِيلَ بْنِ عِمْرَانَ اَلْقُمِّيِّ قَالَ: كَتَبْتُ إِلَى أَبِي اَلْحَسَنِ اَلثَّالِثِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ أَنَّ لِي وُلْداً رِجَالاً وَ نِسَاءً أَفَيَجُوزُ أَنْ أُعْطِيَهُمْ مِنَ اَلزَّكَاةِ فَكَتَبَ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ» أَنَّ ذَلِكَ جَائِزٌ لَكَ«.

As for what Muhammad ibn Yaqub narrated from Muhammad ibn Yahya, from Ahmad ibn Muhammad, from Imran ibn Ismail ibn Imran al-Qummi, who said: I (narrator) wrote to Abu al-Hasan al-Thalith (a.s) (the Third), peace be upon him: “I have children, men and women; is it permissible for me to give them from zakat?” Imam (a.s), peace be upon him, wrote: “That is permissible for you.”

فهذا الخبر مخصوص به الا ترى انه إذا قال: ان ذلك جائز لك فعلق الجواز به دون غيره، مع انه يجوز أن يكون إنما أجاز له ذلك لقلة بضاعته وأن ذلك لا يفي بما يحتاج إليه من نفقة عياله فسوغ له أن يجعل زكاته زيادة في نفقة عياله، وهذا جائز إذا كان الامر على ما ذكرناه والذي يدل على ذلك ما رواه:

This report is specific to him (Imran ibn Ismail). Do you not see that when Imam (a.s) said: “That is permissible for you,” Imam (a.s) attached the permissibility to him and not to anyone else? Along with this, it is possible that Imam (a.s) only permitted that for him because of the smallness of his capital (bida'ah), and that it did not suffice for what he needed for the maintenance of his dependents, so Imam (a.s) allowed him to make his zakat an increase in the maintenance of his dependents. This is permissible when the matter is as we have mentioned. That which indicates this is what he narrated (in the following hadith):

عَلِيُّ بْنُ اَلْحَسَنِ بْنِ فَضَّالٍ عَنْ عَبْدِ اَلرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ أَبِي هَاشِمٍ عَنْ أَبِي خَدِيجَةَ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ:» لاَ تُعْطِ مِنَ اَلزَّكَاةِ أَحَداً مِمَّنْ تَعُولُ« وَ قَالَ إِذَا كَانَ لِرَجُلٍ خَمْسُمِائَةِ دِرْهَمٍ وَ كَانَ عِيَالُهُ كَثِيراً قَالَ» لَيْسَ عَلَيْهِ زَكَاةٌ يُنْفِقُهَا عَلَى عِيَالِهِ يَزِيدُهَا فِي نَفَقَتِهِمْ وَ فِي كِسْوَتِهِمْ وَ فِي طَعَامٍ لَمْ يَكُونُوا يَطْعَمُونَهُ وَ إِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ عِيَالٌ وَ كَانَ وَحْدَهُ فَلْيَقْسِمْهَا فِي قَوْمٍ لَيْسَ بِهِمْ بَأْسٌ أَعِفَّاءَ عَنِ اَلْمَسْأَلَةِ لاَ يَسْأَلُونَ أَحَداً شَيْئاً« وَ قَالَ» لاَ تُعْطِيَنَّ قَرَابَتَكَ اَلزَّكَاةَ كُلَّهَا وَ لَكِنْ أَعْطِهِمْ بَعْضاً وَاِقْسِمْ بَعْضاً فِي سَائِرِ اَلْمُسْلِمِينَ« وَ قَالَ» اَلزَّكَاةُ تَحِلُّ لِصَاحِبِ اَلدَّارِ وَ اَلْخَادِمِ وَمَنْ كَانَ لَهُ خَمْسُمِائَةِ دِرْهَمٍ بَعْدَ أَنْ يَكُونَ لَهُ عِيَالٌ وَيَجْعَلُ زَكَاةَ اَلْخَمْسِمِائَةِ زِيَادَةً فِي نَفَقَةِ عِيَالِهِ يُوَسِّعُ عَلَيْهِمْ«.

Ali ibn al-Hasan ibn Faddal, from Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Hashim, from Abu Khadijah, from Abu Abdillah (a.s), peace be upon him, who said: Imam (a.s) said: “Do not give from zakat to anyone whom you maintain.” And he (narrator) asked: “If a man has five hundred dirhams and his dependents are many.” Imam (a.s) said: “There is no zakat upon him; he spends it on his dependents, increasing it in their maintenance, in their clothing, and in food which they had not been eating. And if he does not have dependents and is alone, then let him distribute it among people in whom there is no harm, chaste from asking, who do not ask anyone for anything.” And Imam (a.s) said: “You must not give all of the zakat to your relatives, but give them some and distribute some among the rest of the Muslims.” And Imam (a.s) said: “Zakat is lawful for the owner of a house and a servant, and for one who has five hundred dirhams, provided that he has dependents. And he makes the zakat of the five hundred an increase in the maintenance of his dependents, expanding upon them.”