Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām

قال الشيخ رحمه الله:) وهم ثمانية أصناف( ثم ذكر تفاصيلهم:

The Shaykh (Al-Mufid), may Allah (swt) have mercy on him, said: “They are eight categories,” then he mentioned their details:

مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَلِيِّ بْنِ مَحْبُوبٍ عَنِ اَلْعَبَّاسِ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ اَلْحَسَنِ عَنْ سَعِيدٍ عَنْ زُرْعَةَ عَنْ سَمَاعَةَ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُهُ عَنِ اَلزَّكَاةِ لِمَنْ يَصْلُحُ أَنْ يَأْخُذَهَا قَالَ» هِيَ تَحِلُّ لِلَّذِينَ وَصَفَ اَللَّهُ تَعَالَى فِي كِتَابِهِ» لِلْفُقَرٰاءِ وَ اَلْمَسٰاكِينِ وَاَلْعٰامِلِينَ عَلَيْهٰا وَ اَلْمُؤَلَّفَةِ قُلُوبُهُمْ وَ فِي اَلرِّقٰابِ وَ اَلْغٰارِمِينَ وَ فِي سَبِيلِ اللهَِ وَ اِبْنِ اَلسَّبِيلِ فَرِيضَةً مِنَ اللهَِ« وَ قَدْ تَحِلُّ اَلزَّكَاةُ لِصَاحِبِ سَبْعِمِائَةٍ وَتَحْرُمُ عَلَى صَاحِبِ خَمْسِينَ دِرْهَماً« فَقُلْتُ لَهُ كَيْفَ يَكُونُ هَذَا فَقَالَ» إِذَا كَانَ صَاحِبُ اَلسَّبْعِمِائَةِ لَهُ عِيَالٌ كَثِيرَةٌ فَلَوْ قَسَمَهَا بَيْنَهُمْ لَمْ تَكْفِهِ فَلْيُعِفَّ عَنْهَا نَفْسُهُ وَلْيَأْخُذْهَا لِعِيَالِهِ وَ أَمَّا صَاحِبُ اَلْخَمْسِينَ فَإِنَّهَا تَحْرُمُ عَلَيْهِ إِذَا كَانَ وَحْدَهُ وَ هُوَ مُحْتَرِفٌ يَعْمَلُ بِهَا وَ هُوَ يُصِيبُ فِيهَا مَا يَكْفِيهِ إِنْ شَاءَ اَللَّهُ« قَالَ وَ سَأَلْتُهُ عَنِ اَلزَّكَاةِ هَلْ تَصْلُحُ لِصَاحِبِ اَلدَّارِ وَ اَلْخَادِمِ فَقَالَ» نَعَمْ إِلاَّ أَنْ تَكُونَ دَارُهُ دَارَ غَلَّةٍ فَيَخْرُجُ لَهُ مِنْ غَلَّتِهَا دَرَاهِمُ تَكْفِيهِ لِنَفْسِهِ وَعِيَالِهِ وَإِنْ لَمْ تَكُنِ اَلْغَلَّةُ تَكْفِيهِ لِنَفْسِهِ وَعِيَالِهِ فِي طَعَامِهِمْ وَكِسْوَتِهِمْ وَحَاجَتِهِمْ فِي غَيْرِ إِسْرَافٍ فَقَدْ حَلَّتْ لَهُ اَلزَّكَاةُ وَ إِنْ كَانَتْ غَلَّتُهَا تَكْفِيهِمْ فَلاَ«.

Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Mahbub, from al-Abbas, from Ali ibn al-Hasan, from Said, from Zurah, from Samaah: I (narrator) asked Imam (a.s) about ‘zakat, for whom is it proper to take it?’ Imam (a.s) said: “It is lawful for those whom Allah (swt), described in His Book: ‘(Alms-tax) is only for the poor and the needy, for those employed to administer it, for those whose hearts are to be attracted (to the faith), for (freeing) slaves, for those in debt, for Allah’s (swt) cause, and for (needy) travellers. (This is) an obligation from almighty Allah (swt).’ (Surah At-Tawbah 9:60) And zakat may be lawful for the owner of seven hundred, and unlawful for the owner of fifty dirhams.” So I (narrator) said to Imam (a.s): “How can this be?” Imam (a.s) said: “If the owner of the seven hundred has many dependants, and if he were to divide it among them it would not suffice him, then let him restrain himself from it and let him take it for his dependants. As for the owner of the fifty, it is unlawful for him if he is alone and is a craftsman who works with it, and he obtains from it what suffices him, if Allah (swt) wills.” He (narrator) said: “And I asked Imam (a.s) about ‘zakat, Is it proper for the owner of a house and a servant?’” Imam (a.s) said: “Yes, unless his house is a house of yield, and from its yield dirhams come out for him that suffice him for himself and his dependants. But if the yield is not enough for himself and his dependants in their food, their clothing, and their needs, without extravagance, then zakat has become lawful for him. But if its yield suffices them, then no.”

مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْ حَمَّادِ بْنِ عِيسَى عَنْ حَرِيزٍ عَنْ زُرَارَةَ وَ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ مُسْلِمٍ: أَنَّهُمَا قَالاَ لِأَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ أَ رَأَيْتَ قَوْلَ اَللَّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ» إِنَّمَا اَلصَّدَقٰاتُ لِلْفُقَرٰاءِ وَ اَلْمَسٰاكِينِ وَاَلْعٰامِلِينَ عَلَيْهٰا وَ اَلْمُؤَلَّفَةِ قُلُوبُهُمْ وَ فِي اَلرِّقٰابِ وَ اَلْغٰارِمِينَ وَ فِي سَبِيلِ اللهَِ وَ اِبْنِ اَلسَّبِيلِ فَرِيضَةً مِنَ اللهَِ« أَ كُلُّ هَؤُلاَءِ يُعْطَى وَ إِنْ كَانَ لاَ يَعْرِفُ فَقَالَ» إِنَّ اَلْإِمَامَ يُعْطِي هَؤُلاَءِ جَمِيعاً لِأَنَّهُمْ يُقِرُّونَ لَهُ بِالطَّاعَةِ« قَالَ قُلْتُ فَإِنْ كَانُوا لاَ يَعْرِفُونَ فَقَالَ» يَا زُرَارَةُ لَوْ كَانَ يُعْطِي مَنْ يَعْرِفُ دُونَ مَنْ لاَ يَعْرِفُ لَمْ يُوجَدْ لَهَا مَوْضِعٌ وَإِنَّمَا يُعْطِي مَنْ لاَ يَعْرِفُ لِيَرْغَبَ فِي اَلدِّينِ فَيَثْبُتَ عَلَيْهِ فَأَمَّا اَلْيَوْمَ فَلاَ تُعْطِهَا أَنْتَ وَ أَصْحَابُكَ إِلاَّ مَنْ يَعْرِفُ فَمَنْ وَجَدْتَ مِنْ هَؤُلاَءِ اَلْمُسْلِمِينَ عَارِفاً فَأَعْطِهِ دُونَ اَلنَّاسِ« ثُمَّ قَالَ» سَهْمُ اَلْمُؤَلَّفَةِ قُلُوبُهُمْ وَ سَهْمُ اَلرِّقَابِ عَامٌّ وَ اَلْبَاقِي خَاصُّ« قَالَ قُلْتُ لَهُ فَإِنْ لَمْ يُوجَدُوا قَالَ» لاَ يَكُونُ فَرِيضَةٌ فَرَضَهَا اَللَّهُ تَعَالَى إِلاَّ أَنْ يُوجَدَ لَهَا أَهْلٌ« قَالَ قُلْتُ فَإِنْ لَمْ تَسَعْهُمُ اَلصَّدَقَاتُ فَقَالَ» إِنَّ اَللَّهَ فَرَضَ لِلْفُقَرَاءِ فِي مَالِ اَلْأَغْنِيَاءِ مَا يَسَعُهُمْ وَ لَوْ عَلِمَ اَللَّهُ أَنَّ ذَلِكَ لاَ يَسَعُهُمْ لَزَادَهُمْ إِنَّهُمْ لَمْ يُؤْتَوْا مِنْ قِبَلِ فَرِيضَةِ اَللَّهِ وَ لَكِنْ أُوتُوا مِنْ مَنْعِ مَنْ مَنَعَهُمْ حَقَّهُمْ لاَ مِمَّا فَرَضَ اَللَّهُ لَهُمْ وَ لَوْ أَنَّ اَلنَّاسَ أَدَّوْا حُقُوقَهُمْ لَكَانُوا عَائِشِينَ بِخَيْرٍ«.

Muhammad ibn Yaqub, from Ali ibn Ibrahim, from his father, from Hammad ibn Isa, from Hariz, from Zurarah and Muhammad ibn Muslim: They both (Zurarah and Muhammad ibn Muslim) said to Abu Abdillah (a.s): “Have you considered the saying of Allah (swt), Mighty and Majestic: ‘(Alms-tax) is only for the poor and the needy, for those employed to administer it, for those whose hearts are to be attracted (to the faith), for (freeing) slaves, for those in debt, for Allah’s (swt) cause, and for (needy) travellers. (This is) an obligation from almighty Allah (swt).’ (Surah At-Tawbah 9:60) Are all of these given, even if he does not recognize?” Imam (a.s) said: “The Imam gives all of these, as they acknowledge obedience to him.” He (narrator) said: “I asked: ‘Then if they do not recognize?’” Imam (a.s) said: “O Zurarah, if he were to give to the one who recognizes and not to the one who does not recognize, no place would be found for it. Rather, he gives to the one who does not recognize so that he may desire the religion and remain firm upon it. As for today, then neither you nor your companions should give it except to one who recognizes. So whoever you find among these Muslims as one who recognizes, give it to him rather than the people.” Then Imam (a.s) said: “The share of those whose hearts are to be reconciled and the share of freeing slaves are general, and the rest are specific.” He (narrator) said: “I said to Imam (a.s): ‘Then if they are not found?’” Imam (a.s) said: “There is no obligation that Allah (swt), the Exalted, has imposed except that people entitled to it are found.” He (narrator) said: “I asked: ‘Then if the charities are not enough for them?’” Imam (a.s) said: “Allah (swt) has obligated for the poor in the wealth of the rich that which suffices them. If Allah (swt) had known that this would not suffice them, Allah (swt) would have increased it for them. They have not been deprived because of the obligation of almighty Allah (swt), but they have been deprived because of the withholding of those who withheld their right from them, not because of what Allah (swt) obligated for them. If the people had paid their rights, they would have lived in goodness.”

وَ ذَكَرَ عَلِيُّ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ بْنِ هَاشِمٍ فِي كِتَابِ اَلتَّفْسِيرِ تَفْصِيلَ هَذِهِ اَلثَّمَانِيَةِ اَلْأَصْنَافِ فَقَالَ فَسَّرَهُمُ اَلْعَالِمُ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ فَقَالَ:» اَلْفُقَرَاءُ هُمُ اَلَّذِينَ لاَ يَسْأَلُونَ لِقَوْلِ اَللَّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ فِي سُورَةِ اَلْبَقَرَةِ» لِلْفُقَرٰاءِ اَلَّذِينَ أُحْصِرُوا فِي سَبِيلِ اللهَِ لاٰ يَسْتَطِيعُونَ ضَرْباً فِي اَلْأَرْضِ يَحْسَبُهُمُ اَلْجٰاهِلُ أَغْنِيٰاءَ مِنَ اَلتَّعَفُّفِ تَعْرِفُهُمْ بِسِيمٰاهُمْ لاٰ يَسْئَلُونَ اَلنّٰاسَ إِلْحٰافاً« وَ اَلْمَسَاكِينُ هُمْ أَهْلُ اَلدِّيَانَاتِ قَدْ دَخَلَ فِيهِمُ اَلرِّجَالُ وَ اَلنِّسَاءُ وَ اَلصِّبْيَانُ» وَاَلْعٰامِلِينَ عَلَيْهٰا« هُمُ اَلسُّعَاةُ وَاَلْجُبَاةُ فِي أَخْذِهَا وَجَمْعِهَا وَحِفْظِهَا حَتَّى يُؤَدُّوهَا إِلَى مَنْ يَقْسِمُهَا وَاَلْمُؤَلَّفَةُ» قُلُوبُهُمْ«« قَالَ» هُمْ قَوْمٌ وَحَّدُوا اَللَّهَ وَخَلَعُوا عِبَادَةَ مَنْ دُونَ اَللَّهِ وَ لَمْ تَدْخُلِ اَلْمَعْرِفَةُ قُلُوبَهُمْ أَنَّ مُحَمَّداً رَسُولُ اَللَّهِ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ فَكَانَ رَسُولُ اَللَّهِ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ يَتَأَلَّفُهُمْ وَيُعَلِّمُهُمْ وَيُعَرِّفُهُمْ كَيْمَا يَعْرِفُوا فَجَعَلَ لَهُمْ نَصِيباً فِي اَلصَّدَقَاتِ لِكَيْ يَعْرِفُوا وَيَرْغَبُوا» وَفِي اَلرِّقٰابِ« قَوْمٌ لَزِمَتْهُمْ كَفَّارَاتٌ فِي قَتْلِ اَلْخَطَإِ وَفِي اَلظِّهَارِ وَفِي اَلْأَيْمَانِ وَفِي قَتْلِ اَلصَّيْدِ فِي اَلْحَرَمِ وَ لَيْسَ عِنْدَهُمْ مَا يُكَفِّرُونَ وَ هُمْ مُؤْمِنُونَ فَجَعَلَ اَللَّهُ لَهُمْ سَهْماً فِي اَلصَّدَقَاتِ لِيُكَفَّرَ عَنْهُمْ» وَ اَلْغٰارِمِينَ« قَوْمٌ قَدْ وَقَعَتْ عَلَيْهِمْ دُيُونٌ أَنْفَقُوهَا فِي طَاعَةِ اَللَّهِ مِنْ غَيْرِ إِسْرَافٍ فَيَجِبُ عَلَى اَلْإِمَامِ أَنْ يَقْضِيَ عَنْهُمْ وَ يَفُكَّهُمْ مِنْ مَالِ اَلصَّدَقَاتِ »وَ فِي سَبِيلِ اللهَِ« قَوْمٌ يَخْرُجُونَ فِي اَلْجِهَادِ وَ لَيْسَ عِنْدَهُمْ مَا يَتَقَوَّوْنَ بِهِ أَوْ قَوْمٌ مِنَ اَلْمُؤْمِنِينَ لَيْسَ عِنْدَهُمْ مَا يَحُجُّونَ بِهِ أَوْ فِي جَمِيعِ سُبُلِ اَلْخَيْرِ فَعَلَى اَلْإِمَامِ أَنْ يُعْطِيَهُمْ مِنْ مَالِ اَلصَّدَقَاتِ حَتَّى يَقْوَوْا عَلَى اَلْحَجِّ وَ اَلْجِهَادِ وَ اِبْنُ» اَلسَّبِيلِ« أَبْنَاءُ اَلطَّرِيقِ اَلَّذِينَ يَكُونُونَ فِي اَلْأَسْفَارِ فِي طَاعَةِ اَللَّهِ فَيُقْطَعُ عَلَيْهِمْ وَ يَذْهَبُ مَالُهُمْ فَعَلَى اَلْإِمَامِ أَنْ يَرُدَّهُمْ إِلَى أَوْطَانِهِمْ مِنْ مَالِ اَلصَّدَقَاتِ«.

And Ali ibn Ibrahim ibn Hashim mentioned in the Book of Tafsir the detailed explanation of these eight categories, and he (Ali ibn Ibrahim) said: The Scholar, Imam al-Sadiq (a.s), peace be upon him, explained them and said: (First category) “‘The poor’ are those who do not ask, because of the saying of almighty Allah (swt), Mighty and Majestic, in Surah al-Baqarah (and Surah At-Tawbah 9:60): ‘(Charity is) for the needy who are too engaged in the cause of Allah (swt) to move about in the land (for work). Those unfamiliar with their situation will think they are not in need (of charity) because they do not beg. You can recognize them by their appearance. They do not beg people persistently. Whatever you give in charity is certainly well known to Allah (swt).’ (Surah Al-Baqarah 2:273) (Second category) “And ‘the needy’ are the people of religions; men, women, and children have entered into them.” (Third category) “And ‘those who work over it’ are the collectors and gatherers in taking it, collecting it, and preserving it until they deliver it to the one who distributes it.” (Fourth category) “And ‘those whose hearts are to be reconciled,’ they are a people who professed the oneness of Allah (swt) and cast off the worship of those besides the almighty Allah (swt), but the recognition had not entered their hearts that Prophet Muhammad (saws) is the Messenger of Allah (swt), may Allah (swt) bless him and his family. So the Messenger of Allah (swt), may Allah (swt) bless him and his family, used to reconcile them, teach them, and make them recognize, so that they might recognize. Thus He (saws) assigned for them a share in the charities so that they might recognize and become inclined.” (Fifth category) “And ‘in the necks’ refers to a people upon whom expiations have become obligatory in accidental killing, in zihar, in oaths, and in killing game within the sanctuary, and they do not have that with which they may expiate, while they are believers. So Allah (swt) assigned for them a share in the charities so that expiation may be made on their behalf.” (Sixth category) “And ‘the debtors’ are a people upon whom debts have fallen, which they spent in obedience to Allah (swt) without extravagance. Thus it is obligatory upon the Imam to pay on their behalf and release them from the wealth of the charities.” (Seventh category) “And ‘in the way of Allah (swt)’ refers to a people who go out for jihad and do not have that by which they may gain strength, or a people from among the believers who do not have that by which they may perform Hajj, or in all paths of good. Therefore, it is upon the Imam to give them from the wealth of the charities until they become able for Hajj and jihad.” (Eight category) “And ‘the son of the way’ refers to the needy travellers of the road (wayfarers), those who are in journeys in obedience to Allah (swt), then they are cut off and their wealth is lost. Therefore, it is upon the Imam to return them to their homelands from the wealth of the charities.”