Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām

قال الشيخ أيده الله تعالى:( وإذا بال الانسان وهو غير واجد للماء فليستبرئ من البول كما وصفناه في باب الطهارة ليخرج ما بقي منه في مجاريه ثم ليتنشف بالخرق إن وجدها أو بالاحجار أو التراب). وهذا قد مضى شرحه في باب الطهارة. ثم قال ثم يضرب بباطن كفيه على ظاهر الارض وهما مبسوطتان قد فرق بين أصابعهما ويرفعهما وينفضهما، ثم يرفعهما فيمسح بهما وجهه من قصاص شعر رأسه إلى طرف أنفه، ثم يرفع كفه اليسرى ويضعها على ظاهر كفه اليمنى ويمسحها بها من الزند إلى أطراف الاصابع ويرفع كفه اليمنى فيضعها على ظاهر كفه اليسرى فيمسحها بها من الزند إلى أطراف الاصابع وقد حل له بذلك الدخول في الصلاة.

The Shaykh (Al-Mufid), may Allah (swt) support him, stated: "When a person urinates and does not have water available, he should perform istibra' (cleaning oneself) as described in the chapter on purification, to ensure that any remaining urine in the passages is expelled. He should then dry himself with cloth if available, or with stones or soil." This was previously explained in the chapter on purification. He, Shaykh (Al-Mufid), continued: "Then, the person should strike the palms of his hands flat on the surface of the ground, keeping the fingers spread apart. He should then lift them, shake off the excess dust, and use them to wipe his face, starting from the hairline down to the tip of the nose. After this, he should raise his left palm and place it on the back of his right hand, wiping it from the wrist to the fingertips. Then, he should raise his right palm and place it on the back of his left hand, wiping it in the same manner, from the wrist to the fingertips. By this, he is prepared to enter into prayer."

يَدُلُّ عَلَى ذَلِكَ مَا أَخْبَرَنِي بِهِ اَلشَّيْخُ أَيَّدَهُ اَللَّهُ تَعَالَى عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْ سَعْدِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عِيسَى عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ اَلْحَكَمِ عَنْ دَاوُدَ بْنِ اَلنُّعْمَانِ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنِ اَلتَّيَمُّمِ قَالَ «إِنَّ عَمَّاراً أَصَابَتْهُ جَنَابَةٌ فَتَمَعَّكَ كَمَا تَتَمَعَّكُ اَلدَّابَّةُ فَقَالَ لَهُ رَسُولُ اَللَّهِ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ وَ هُوَ يَهْزَأُ بِهِ« يَا عَمَّارُ تَمَعَّكْتَ كَمَا تَتَمَعَّكُ اَلدَّابَّةُ»» فَقُلْنَا لَهُ فَكَيْفَ اَلتَّيَمُّمُ فَوَضَعَ يَدَيْهِ عَلَى اَلْأَرْضِ ثُمَّ رَفَعَهُمَا فَمَسَحَ وَجْهَهُ وَ يَدَيْهِ فَوْقَ اَلْكَفِّ قَلِيلاً.

The narration from the Shaykh (Al-Mufid), may Allah (swt) support him, as follows: Ahmed bin Muhammad narrated from his father, from Sa’d bin Abdullah, from Ahmed bin Muhammad bin ‘Isa, from ‘Ali bin Al-Hakam, from Dawood bin An-Numan, who said: This is indicated by what the Shaykh, may Allah (swt) the Exalted, support him, informed me of from Ahmad bin Muhammad, from his father, from Sa'd bin Abdullah, from Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Isa, from Ali bin Al-Hakam, from Dawud bin Al-Nu'man, who said: I asked Abu Abdullah (a.s) about tayammum. Imam (a.s) said: 'Indeed, Ammar was affected by janabah (major ritual impurity), so he rolled himself on the ground like an animal. The Messenger of Allah (swt) (peace and blessings be upon him and his family), while mocking him, said, "O Ammar! Did you roll like an animal?"' We asked him (Abu Abdullah), 'Then how should one perform tayammum?' He (a.s) placed his hands on the ground, then lifted them and wiped his face and his hands slightly above the wrists." This narration highlights the correct manner of performing tayammum as prescribed. I asked Abu Abdillah (a.s) about tayammum. Imam (a.s) said: "Indeed, Ammar was afflicted with janabah (major ritual impurity), so he rolled himself on the ground as an animal rolls itself. The Messenger of Allah (swt), may Allah bless him and his family, mockingly said to him (about this action): 'O Ammar, you rolled like an animal?.'" We then asked Imam (a.s): "How is tayammum performed?" So Imam (a.s) placed his hands on the ground, then lifted them and wiped his face and his hands, extending slightly beyond the palms.

وَ أَخْبَرَنِي اَلشَّيْخُ أَيَّدَهُ اَللَّهُ تَعَالَى عَنْ أَبِي اَلْقَاسِمِ جَعْفَرِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ يَعْقُوبَ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْ حَمَّادِ بْنِ عِيسَى عَنْ بَعْضِ أَصْحَابِنَا عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: أَنَّهُ سُئِلَ عَنِ اَلتَّيَمُّمِ فَتَلاَ هَذِهِ اَلْآيَةَ ««وَ اَلسّٰارِقُ وَ اَلسّٰارِقَةُ فَاقْطَعُوا أَيْدِيَهُمٰا» » وَ قَالَ « «فَاغْسِلُوا وُجُوهَكُمْ وَ أَيْدِيَكُمْ إِلَى اَلْمَرٰافِقِ» » وَ قَالَ «وَ اِمْسَحْ عَلَى كَفَّيْكَ مِنْ حَيْثُ مَوْضِعِ اَلْقَطْعِ» وَ قَالَ«« وَ مٰا كٰانَ رَبُّكَ نَسِيًّا»».

Shaykh (Al-Mufid), may Allah (swt) support him, narrated to me from Abu al-Qasim Ja'far ibn Muhammad, from Muhammad ibn Ya'qub, from Ali ibn Ibrahim, from his father, from Hammad ibn Isa, from some of our companions, from Abu Abdullah (a.s): Imam (a.s) was asked about Tayammum (dry ablution). Imam (a.s) recited this verse: "As to the thief, male or female, cut off their hands..." (Surah Al-Ma'idah 5:38), and said: "Wash your faces and your hands up to the elbows..." (Surah Al-Ma'idah 5:6). Imam (a.s) further said: "And wipe your palms up to the place of the cut." Then Imam (a.s) recited the verse: "And your Lord is never forgetful." (Surah Maryam 19:64).

وَ بِهَذَا اَلْإِسْنَادِ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ اَلْحُسَيْنِ عَنْ صَفْوَانَ عَنِ اَلْكَاهِلِيِّ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُهُ عَنِ اَلتَّيَمُّمِ قَالَ فَضَرَبَ بِيَدِهِ عَلَى اَلْبِسَاطِ فَمَسَحَ بِهَا وَجْهَهُ ثُمَّ مَسَحَ كَفَّيْهِ إِحْدَاهُمَا عَلَى ظَهْرِ اَلْأُخْرَى.

And with this chain of narration, from Muhammad ibn al-Husayn, from Safwan, from al-Kahili, who said: I asked Imam (a.s) about Tayammum (dry ablution). Imam (a.s) struck his hand on the carpet, then wiped his face with it, and then wiped his palms, one over the back of the other.

وَ أَخْبَرَنِي اَلشَّيْخُ أَيَّدَهُ اَللَّهُ تَعَالَى عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ اَلْحَسَنِ اَلصَّفَّارِ عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنِ اَلْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ سَعِيدٍ عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنِ اِبْنِ بُكَيْرٍ عَنْ زُرَارَةَ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنِ اَلتَّيَمُّمِ فَضَرَبَ بِيَدَيْهِ اَلْأَرْضَ ثُمَّ رَفَعَهُمَا فَنَفَضَهُمَا ثُمَّ مَسَحَ بِهِمَا جَبْهَتَهُ وَ كَفَّيْهِ مَرَّةً وَاحِدَةً

Shaykh (Al-Mufid), may Allah (swt) support him, narrated to me from Ahmad ibn Muhammad, from his father, from Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Saffar, from Ahmad ibn Muhammad, from al-Husayn ibn Sa'id, from Ahmad ibn Muhammad, from Ibn Bukayr, from Zurara, who said: I asked Abu Ja'far (a.s) about Tayammum (dry ablution). Imam (a.s) struck his hands on the ground, then lifted them and shook them off. Imam (a.s) then wiped his forehead and his palms with them once.

وَ أَمَّا اَلْخَبَرُ اَلَّذِي رَوَاهُ اَلْحُسَيْنُ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ عَنْ عُثْمَانَ عَنْ سَمَاعَةَ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُهُ كَيْفَ اَلتَّيَمُّمُ فَوَضَعَ يَدَهُ عَلَى اَلْأَرْضِ فَمَسَحَ بِهَا وَجْهَهُ وَ ذِرَاعَيْهِ إِلَى اَلْمِرْفَقَيْنِ.

As for the narration reported by al-Husayn ibn Sa'id from Uthman, from Sama'ah, who said: I asked him: "How is Tayammum (dry ablution) done?" He placed his hand on the ground and wiped his face and his forearms up to the elbows.

فانما أراد به الحكم لا الفعل لانه إذا مسح ظاهر الكف فكأنه غسل ذراعيه في الوضوء فيحصل له بمسح الكفين في التيمم حكم غسل الذراعين في الوضوء، والذي يدل على انه لم يرد مسح الذراعين في الفعل.

It is meant to convey the ruling, not the action, because when one wipes the back of the hand, it is as if he has washed his forearms in Wudu' (ablution). Thus, by wiping the palms in Tayammum, the ruling of washing the forearms in Wudu' is fulfilled. The evidence that he did not intend wiping the forearms in action is clear.

مَا أَخْبَرَنَا بِهِ اَلشَّيْخُ أَيَّدَهُ اَللَّهُ تَعَالَى عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْ سَعْدِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنِ اَلْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ سَعِيدٍ عَنْ فَضَالَةَ بْنِ أَيُّوبَ عَنْ حَمَّادِ بْنِ عُثْمَانَ عَنْ زُرَارَةَ قَالَ سَمِعْتُ أَبَا جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ يَقُولُ: وَذَكَرَ اَلتَّيَمُّمَ وَمَا صَنَعَ عَمَّارٌ فَوَضَعَ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ كَفَّيْهِ عَلَى اَلْأَرْضِ ثُمَّ مَسَحَ وَجْهَهُ وَ كَفَّيْهِ وَلَمْ يَمْسَحِ اَلذِّرَاعَيْنِ بِشَيْءٍ.

What was narrated to us by the Shaykh (Al-Mufid), may Allah (swt) support him, from Ahmad ibn Muhammad, from his father, from Sa'd ibn Abdullah, from Ahmad ibn Muhammad, from al-Husayn ibn Sa'id, from Fadalah ibn Ayyub, from Hammad ibn Uthman, from Zurara, who said: I heard Abu Ja'far (a.s) mention Tayammum and the actions of Ammar. Abu Ja'far (a.s) placed his palms on the ground, then wiped his face and his palms, and did not wipe his forearms at all.

ثم قال أيده الله تعالى( فإذا كان حدثه من الغائط استبرأ بثلاثة أحجار طاهرة لم تستعمل في ازالة النجاسة قبل ذلك يأخذ منها حجرا فيمسح به الموضع ويلقيه، ثم يأخذ الحجر الثاني فيمسح به الموضع ويلقيه، ثم يمسح الثالث ويتبع مواضع النجاسة الظاهرة فيزيلها بالاحجار ولا يجوز أن يتطهر بحجر واحد ثم يصنع في التيمم كما وصفناه من ضرب التراب بباطن كفيه ومسح وجهه وظاهر كفيه وقد زال عنه بذلك حكم النجاسة كما قدمناه). فهذا كله قد مضى شرحه فيما تقدم، ويؤكده أيضا.

Then, the Shaykh (Al-Mufid), may Allah (swt) support him, said: "If the source of impurity is defecation, one purifies himself using three clean stones that have not been previously used for removing impurity. He takes one stone, wipes the affected area, and discards it, then takes a second stone, wipes the area, and discards it, and finally uses a third stone, ensuring to follow the areas of visible impurity and remove them with the stones. It is not permissible to purify oneself with just one stone. After that, one performs Tayammum as we have described - striking the soil with the palms of the hands and wiping the face and the backs of the palms. By doing so, the state of impurity is removed, as we have previously explained." All of this has been explained in detail earlier, and it further emphasizes the matter.

مَا أَخْبَرَنِي بِهِ اَلشَّيْخُ أَيَّدَهُ اَللَّهُ تَعَالَى عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْ سَعْدِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عِيسَى عَنِ اَلْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ سَعِيدٍ عَنْ صَفْوَانَ بْنِ يَحْيَى وَ فَضَالَةَ بْنِ أَيُّوبَ وَ اَلْحَسَنِ بْنِ عَلِيِّ بْنِ فَضَّالٍ عَنْ عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ بْنِ بُكَيْرٍ عَنْ زُرَارَةَ عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُهُ عَنِ اَلتَّمَسُّحِ بِالْأَحْجَارِ فَقَالَ« كَانَ اَلْحُسَيْنُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ يَمْسَحُ بِثَلاَثَةِ أَحْجَارٍ».

Shaykh (Al-Mufid), may Allah (swt) support him, narrated to me from Ahmad ibn Muhammad, from his father, from Sa'd ibn Abdullah, from Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Isa, from al-Husayn ibn Sa'id, from Safwan ibn Yahya, Fadalah ibn Ayyub, and al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Faddal, from Abdullah ibn Bukayr, from Zurara, from Abu Ja'far (a.s), who said: I asked Imam (a.s) about wiping with stones (for purification). Imam (a.s) said: "(Imam) Al-Husayn ibn Ali (a.s) would wipe with three stones."

وَبِهَذَا الْإِسْنَادِ عَنْ الْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ سَعِيدٍ عَنْ حَمَّادٍ عَنْ حَرِيزٍ عَنْ زُرَارَةَ عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ قَالَ: لَا صَلَاةَ إِلَّا بِطَهُورٍ، وَيُجْزِيكَ مِنَ الِاسْتِنْجَاءِ ثَلَاثَةُ أَحْجَارٍ، بِذَلِكَ جَرَتِ السُّنَّةُ مِنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ، وَأَمَّا الْبَوْلُ فَإِنَّهُ لَا بُدَّ مِنْ غَسْلِهِ.

And with this chain of narration, from al-Husayn ibn Sa'id, from Hammad, from Hariz, from Zurara, from Abu Ja'far (a.s), who said: Imam (a.s) said: "There is no prayer without purification, and it suffices you for Istinja' (cleaning after relieving oneself) to use three stones. This is how the Sunnah was established from the Messenger of Allah (swt) (peace and blessings be upon him and his family). As for urine, it must be washed."

وَ بِهَذَا اَلْإِسْنَادِ عَنْ حَمَّادٍ عَنْ حَرِيزٍ عَنْ زُرَارَةَ قَالَ: كَانَ يَسْتَنْجِي مِنَ اَلْبَوْلِ ثَلاَثَ مَرَّاتٍ وَ مِنَ اَلْغَائِطِ بِالْمَدَرِ وَ اَلْخِرَقِ.

And with this chain of narration, from Hammad, from Hariz, from Zurara, who said: Imam (a.s) would cleanse himself after urination three times, and after defecation using clods of earth and cloth pieces."

أَخْبَرَنِي الشَّيْخُ أَيَّدَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى عَنْ أَبِي الْقَاسِمِ جَعْفَرِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْ سَعْدِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ بَعْضِ أَصْحَابِنَا رَفَعَهُ إِلَى أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ قَالَ: جَرَتِ السُّنَّةُ فِي الِاسْتِنْجَاءِ بِثَلَاثَةِ أَحْجَارٍ أَبْكَارٍ، وَيُتْبَعُ بِالْمَاءِ.

The Shaykh (Al-Mufid), may Allah (swt) support him, narrated to me from Abu al-Qasim Ja'far ibn Muhammad, from his father, from Sa'd ibn Abdullah, from Ahmad ibn Muhammad, from some of our companions who raised it to Abu Abdullah (a.s), who said: Imam (a.s) said: "The Sunnah for Istinja' (cleaning after relieving oneself) is to use three new stones, followed by water."

ثم قال أيده الله تعالى:( وإن كان المحدث جنبا يريد الطهارة استبرأ قبل التيمم بما بيناه فيما سلف ثم ضرب الارض بباطن كفيه ضربة واحدة يمسح بهما وجهه من قصاص شعره إلى طرف أنفه ثم ضرب الارض بهما ضربة اخرى ويمسح باليسرى منهما ظهر كفه اليمنى وباليمنى ظهر كفه اليسرى وقد زال عنه حكم الجنابة وحلت له الصلاة).

Then, the Shaykh (Al-Mufid), may Allah (swt) support him, said: "If the one in a state of Janabah (ritual impurity due to major defilement) intends to purify himself, he first ensures cleanliness as previously explained, and then strikes the ground with the palms of his hands once. With them, he wipes his face, from the hairline to the tip of his nose. He then strikes the ground a second time and wipes the back of his right hand with his left hand and the back of his left hand with his right hand. Thus, the state of Janabah is removed, and prayer becomes permissible for him."

مَا أَخْبَرَنِي بِهِ اَلشَّيْخُ أَيَّدَهُ اَللَّهُ تَعَالَى عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنِ اَلْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ اَلْحَسَنِ بْنِ أَبَانٍ عَنِ اَلْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ سَعِيدٍ عَنِ اِبْنِ سِنَانٍ عَنِ اِبْنِ مُسْكَانَ عَنْ لَيْثٍ اَلْمُرَادِيِّ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: فِي اَلتَّيَمُّمِ قَالَ« تَضْرِبُ بِكَفَّيْكَ عَلَى اَلْأَرْضِ مَرَّتَيْنِ ثُمَّ تَنْفُضُهُمَا وَ تَمْسَحُ بِهِمَا وَجْهَكَ وَ ذِرَاعَيْكَ».

The Shaykh (Al-Mufid), may Allah (swt) support him, narrated to me from Ahmad ibn Muhammad, from his father, from al-Husayn ibn al-Hasan ibn Aban, from al-Husayn ibn Sa'id, from Ibn Sinan, from Ibn Maskan, from Layth al-Muradi: Abu Abdullah (a.s) was asked regarding Tayammum (dry ablution). Imam (a.s) said: "You strike your palms on the ground twice, then shake them off, and wipe your face and your forearms with them."

وَ أَخْبَرَنِي اَلشَّيْخُ أَيَّدَهُ اَللَّهُ تَعَالَى عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْ سَعْدِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ إِسْمَاعِيلَ بْنِ هَمَّامٍ اَلْكِنْدِيِّ عَنِ اَلرِّضَا عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ:« اَلتَّيَمُّمُ ضَرْبَةٌ لِلْوَجْهِ وَ ضَرْبَةٌ لِلْكَفَّيْنِ».

The Shaykh (Al-Mufid), may Allah (swt) support him, narrated to me from Ahmad ibn Muhammad, from his father, from Sa'd ibn Abdullah, from Ahmad ibn Muhammad, from Isma'il ibn Hammad al-Kindi: Imam al-Ridha (a.s) said: "Tayammum (dry ablution) is one strike for the face and one strike for the palms."

وَ أَخْبَرَنِي اَلشَّيْخُ أَيَّدَهُ اَللَّهُ تَعَالَى عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنِ اَلْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ اَلْحَسَنِ بْنِ أَبَانٍ عَنِ اَلْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ سَعِيدٍ عَنْ صَفْوَانَ بْنِ يَحْيَى عَنِ اَلْعَلاَءِ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ مُسْلِمٍ عَنْ أَحَدِهِمَا عَلَيْهِمَا اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُهُ عَنِ اَلتَّيَمُّمِ فَقَالَ« مَرَّتَيْنِ مَرَّتَيْنِ لِلْوَجْهِ وَ اَلْيَدَيْنِ».

The Shaykh (Al-Mufid), may Allah (swt) support him, narrated to me from Ahmad ibn Muhammad, from his father, from al-Husayn ibn al-Hasan ibn Aban, from al-Husayn ibn Sa'id, from Safwan ibn Yahya, from al-Ala, from Muhammad ibn Muslim, from one of the Imams (a.s), who said: I asked Imam (a.s) about Tayammum (dry ablution), and Imam (a.s) said: "Twice, twice - for the face and the hands."

وَ بِهَذَا اَلْإِسْنَادِ عَنِ اَلْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ سَعِيدٍ عَنْ حَمَّادٍ عَنْ حَرِيزٍ عَنْ زُرَارَةَ عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: قُلْتُ لَهُ كَيْفَ اَلتَّيَمُّمُ قَالَ« هُوَ ضَرْبٌ وَاحِدٌ لِلْوُضُوءِ وَ اَلْغُسْلِ مِنَ اَلْجَنَابَةِ تَضْرِبُ بِيَدِكَ مَرَّتَيْنِ ثُمَّ تَنْفُضُهُمَا نَفْضَةً لِلْوَجْهِ وَ مَرَّةً لِلْيَدَيْنِ وَ مَتَى أَصَبْتَ اَلْمَاءَ فَعَلَيْكَ اَلْغُسْلُ إِنْ كُنْتَ جُنُباً وَ اَلْوُضُوءُ إِنْ لَمْ تَكُنْ جُنُباً

And with this chain of narration, from al-Husayn ibn Sa'id, from Hammad, from Hariz, from Zurara, from Abu Ja'far (a.s), who said: I asked Imam (a.s): "How is Tayammum (dry ablution)?" Imam (a.s) said: "It is a single strike for Wudu' (ablution) and Ghusl (ritual bath) for Janabah (major ritual impurity). You strike your hands twice, then shake them off -once for the face and once for the hands. And whenever you find water, you must perform Ghusl if you were in a state of Janabah, and Wudu' if you were not."

وَ بِهَذَا اَلْإِسْنَادِ عَنِ اَلْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ سَعِيدٍ عَنِ اِبْنِ أَبِي عُمَيْرٍ عَنِ اِبْنِ أُذَيْنَةَ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ مُسْلِمٍ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنِ اَلتَّيَمُّمِ فَضَرَبَ بِكَفَّيْهِ اَلْأَرْضَ ثُمَّ مَسَحَ بِهِمَا وَجْهَهُ ثُمَّ ضَرَبَ بِشِمَالِهِ اَلْأَرْضَ فَمَسَحَ بِهَا مِرْفَقَهُ إِلَى أَطْرَافِ اَلْأَصَابِعِ وَاحِدَةً عَلَى ظَهْرِهَا وَ وَاحِدَةً عَلَى بَطْنِهَا ثُمَّ ضَرَبَ بِيَمِينِهِ اَلْأَرْضَ ثُمَّ صَنَعَ بِشِمَالِهِ كَمَا صَنَعَ بِيَمِينِهِ ثُمَّ قَالَ« هَذَا اَلتَّيَمُّمُ عَلَى مَا كَانَ فِيهِ اَلْغُسْلُ وَ فِي اَلْوُضُوءِ اَلْوَجْهَ وَ اَلْيَدَيْنِ إِلَى اَلْمِرْفَقَيْنِ وَ أُلْقِيَ مَا كَانَ عَلَيْهِ مَسْحٌ اَلرَّأْسَ وَ اَلْقَدَمَيْنِ فَلاَ يُؤَمَّمُ بِالصَّعِيدِ».

And with this chain of narration, from al-Husayn ibn Sa'id, from Ibn Abi Umayr, from Ibn Udhaynah, from Muhammad ibn Muslim, who said: I asked Abu Abdullah (a.s) about Tayammum (dry ablution). Imam (a.s) struck the ground with his palms, then wiped his face with them. Then Imam (a.s) struck the ground with his left hand and wiped with it from his elbow to the tips of his fingers - once over the back and once over the front. Then Imam (a.s) struck the ground with his right hand and did with his left hand as he had done with his right. Imam (a.s) then said: "This is Tayammum for what required Ghusl (ritual bath). As for Wudu' (ablution), it is for the face and the hands up to the elbows. The wiping of the head and feet is excluded in Tayammum, as they are not wiped with earth."

فما تضمن هذا الحديث من أنه مسح من المرفق إلى أطراف الاصابع واحدة على ظهرها وواحدة على بطنها معناه ما تقدم في تأويل خبر سماعة الذي رواه عنه عثمان ابن عيسى وان المراد به الحكم دون الفعل، فكأنه قال مسح على ظهر كفه فحصل له حكم من غسل يده من المرفق ظاهرها وباطنها، وهذا لا ينقض ما ذهبنا إليه، ان قال قائل إن الخبرين الاولين اللذين أحدهما عن ابى بصير ليث المرادي عن أبي عبد الله عليه السلام والثاني عن اسماعيل بن همام الكندي عن الرضا عليه السلام مع الخبر الذي رواه صفوان بن يحيى عن العلا عن محمد بن مسلم عن أحدهما عليه السلام ليس في ظاهرها أن الضربتن أو المرتين إنما هي لغسل الجنابة دون الوضوء فمن أين لكم انه مقصور على حكم الجنابة؟ وهلا قلتم بما ذهب إليه غيركم من أن الفرض في الوضوء أيضا مرتان؟ قيل: له إذا ثبت أخبار كثيرة تتضمن ان الفرض في التيمم مرة مرة ثم جاءت هذه الاخبار متضمنة للدفعتين حملنا ما يتضمن الحكم مرة على الوضوء وما يتضمن الحكم مرتين على غسل الجنابة لئلا يتناقض الاخبار، مع انا قد أوردنا خبرين مفسرين لهذه الاخبار أحدهما عن حريز عن زرارة عن ابى جعفر عليه السلام، والآخر عن ابن ابى عمير عن ابن اذينة عن محمد بن مسلم عن ابى عبد الله عليه السلام، وأن التيمم من الوضوء مرة واحدة ومن الجنابة مرتان ومما ورد من الاخبار التي تتضمن الفرض مرة على جهة الاطلاق خبر ابن بكير عن زرارة المتقدم، وأيضا.

The interpretation of this Hadith, which mentions wiping from the elbow to the fingertips once on the back and once on the front, aligns with the earlier explanation of Sama'ah's narration reported by Uthman ibn Isa. It indicates that the intent was the ruling, not the physical act. It is as if he said that by wiping the back of the hand, he attained the ruling of washing the hand from the elbow - both its front and back. This does not contradict our position. If someone claims that the earlier narrations - one from Abu Basir Layth al-Muradi from Abu Abdullah (a.s) and another from Isma'il ibn Hammam al-Kindi from Imam al-Ridha (a.s), along with the narration of Safwan ibn Yahya from al-Ala from Muhammad ibn Muslim from one of the Imams (a.s) - do not explicitly state that the two strikes or repetitions are exclusive to Ghusl for Janabah and not for Wudu', and argues that the obligation in Wudu' should also be two strikes, the response is: Numerous narrations establish that the obligation in Tayammum is once. When additional narrations specify two strikes, we interpret those relating to the ruling of once as applicable to Wudu' and those specifying twice as applicable to Ghusl for Janabah, so as to avoid contradictions between narrations. Moreover, we have already presented two narrations explaining these reports: one from Hariz, from Zurara, from Abu Ja'far (a.s), and another from Ibn Abi Umayr, from Ibn Udhaynah, from Muhammad ibn Muslim, from Abu Abdullah (a.s). These clarify that Tayammum for Wudu' is once and for Janabah is twice. Additionally, narrations, such as the one from Ibn Bukayr, from Zurara, establish that the obligation is once in general terms.

مَا أَخْبَرَنِي بِهِ اَلشَّيْخُ أَيَّدَهُ اَللَّهُ تَعَالَى عَنْ أَبِي اَلْقَاسِمِ جَعْفَرِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ يَعْقُوبَ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَنْ أَبِيهِ وَ عَلِيِّ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ سَهْلِ بْنِ زِيَادٍ جَمِيعاً عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَبِي نَصْرٍ عَنِ اِبْنِ بُكَيْرٍ عَنْ زُرَارَةَ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنِ اَلتَّيَمُّمِ فَضَرَبَ بِيَدِهِ اَلْيُمْنَى اَلْأَرْضَ ثُمَّ رَفَعَهَا فَنَفَضَهَا ثُمَّ مَسَحَ بِهَا جَبِينَهُ وَكَفَّيْهِ مَرَّةً وَاحِدَةً.

The Shaykh (Al-Mufid), may Allah (swt) support him, narrated to me from Abu al-Qasim Ja'far ibn Muhammad, from Muhammad ibn Ya'qub, from Ali ibn Ibrahim, from his father, and Ali ibn Muhammad, from Sahl ibn Ziyad, all from Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Nasr, from Ibn Bukayr, from Zurara, who said: I asked Abu Ja'far (a.s) about Tayammum (dry ablution). Imam (a.s) struck the ground with his right hand, then lifted it and shook it off. Imam (a.s) then wiped his forehead and his palms with it once.

وَ أَخْبَرَنِي اَلشَّيْخُ أَيَّدَهُ اَللَّهُ تَعَالَى عَنْ أَبِي اَلْقَاسِمِ جَعْفَرِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ اَلْحَسَنِ اَلصَّفَّارِ عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنِ اَلْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ سَعِيدٍ عَنْ صَفْوَانَ عَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ أَبِي اَلْمِقْدَامِ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: أَنَّهُ وَصَفَ اَلتَّيَمُّمَ فَضَرَبَ بِيَدَيْهِ عَلَى اَلْأَرْضِ ثُمَّ رَفَعَهُمَا فَنَفَضَهُمَا ثُمَّ مَسَحَ عَلَى جَبِينِهِ وَ كَفَّيْهِ مَرَّةً وَاحِدَةً.

The Shaykh (Al-Mufid), may Allah (swt) support him, narrated to me from Abu al-Qasim Ja'far ibn Muhammad, from his father, from Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Saffar, from Ahmad ibn Muhammad, from al-Husayn ibn Sa'id, from Safwan, from Amr ibn Abi al-Miqdam: Abu Abdullah (a.s) was asked to described Tayammum (dry ablution). Imam (a.s) struck his hands on the ground, then lifted them and shook them off. Imam (a.s) then wiped his forehead and his palms with them once.

وَ بِهَذَا اَلْإِسْنَادِ عَنِ اَلْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ سَعِيدٍ عَنِ اَلْقَاسِمِ بْنِ عُرْوَةَ عَنِ اِبْنِ بُكَيْرٍ عَنْ زُرَارَةَ عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: فِي اَلتَّيَمُّمِ قَالَ« تَضْرِبُ بِكَفَّيْكَ اَلْأَرْضَ ثُمَّ تَنْفُضُهُمَا وَ تَمْسَحُ وَجْهَكَ وَ يَدَيْكَ».

And with this chain of narration, from al-Husayn ibn Sa'id, from al-Qasim ibn Uruwah, from Ibn Bukayr, from Zurara: Abu Ja'far (a.s) was asked regarding Tayammum (dry ablution). Imam (a.s) said: "You strike your palms on the ground, then shake them off, and wipe your face and your hands."

ثم قال الشيخ أيده الله تعالى( وكذلك تصنع الحائض والنفساء والمستحاضة بدلا من الغسل إذا فقدن الماء أو كان يضر بهن استعماله).

Then the Shaykh (Al-Mufid), may Allah (swt) support him, said: "And the same applies to a menstruating woman, a woman in postpartum bleeding, and a woman experiencing irregular bleeding, as a substitute for Ghusl when water is unavailable or its use is harmful to them."

فَأَخْبَرَنِي اَلشَّيْخُ أَيَّدَهُ اَللَّهُ تَعَالَى عَنْ أَبِي اَلْقَاسِمِ جَعْفَرِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ يَعْقُوبَ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ يَحْيَى عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ عُثْمَانَ بْنِ عِيسَى عَنِ اِبْنِ مُسْكَانَ عَنْ أَبِي بَصِيرٍ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُهُ عَنْ رَجُلٍ كَانَ فِي سَفَرٍ وَ كَانَ مَعَهُ مَاءٌ فَنَسِيَهُ فَتَيَمَّمَ وَ صَلَّى ثُمَّ ذَكَرَ أَنَّ مَعَهُ مَاءً قَبْلَ أَنْ يَخْرُجَ اَلْوَقْتُ قَالَ« عَلَيْهِ أَنْ يَتَوَضَّأَ وَ يُعِيدَ اَلصَّلاَةَ» قَالَ وَ سَأَلْتُهُ عَنْ تَيَمُّمِ اَلْحَائِضِ وَ اَلْجُنُبِ سَوَاءٌ إِذَا لَمْ يَجِدَا مَاءً قَالَ« نَعَمْ».

The Shaykh (Al-Mufid), may Allah (swt) support him, narrated to me from Abu al-Qasim Ja'far ibn Muhammad, from Muhammad ibn Ya'qub, from Muhammad ibn Yahya, from Ahmad ibn Muhammad, from Uthman ibn Isa, from Ibn Maskan, from Abu Basir, who said: I asked Imam (a.s) about a man who was traveling and had water with him but forgot about it, so he performed Tayammum (dry ablution) and prayed. Then he remembered that he had water before the prayer time ended. Imam (a.s) said: "He must perform Wudu' (ablution) and repeat the prayer." He (Narrator) said: I also asked Imam (a.s) about the Tayammum of a menstruating woman and someone in a state of Janabah (major ritual impurity) being the same if they do not find water. Imam (a.s) said: "Yes."

وَأَخْبَرَنِي الشَّيْخُ أَيَّدَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى عَنْ أَبِي الْقَاسِمِ جَعْفَرِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْ سَعْدِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ الْحَسَنِ بْنِ عَلِيِّ بْنِ فَضَّالٍ عَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ سَعِيدٍ عَنْ مُصَدَّقِ بْنِ صَدَقَةَ عَنْ عَمَّارِ بْنِ مُوسَى السَّابَاطِيِّ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُهُ عَنِ التَّيَمُّمِ مِنَ الْوُضُوءِ وَالْجَنَابَةِ وَمِنَ الْحَيْضِ لِلنِّسَاءِ سَوَاءٌ؟ فَقَالَ: نَعَمْ.

The Shaykh (Al-Mufid), may Allah (swt) support him, narrated to me from Abu al-Qasim Ja'far ibn Muhammad, from his father, from Sa'd ibn Abdullah, from Ahmad ibn al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Faddal, from Amr ibn Sa'id, from Musaddiq ibn Sadaqah, from Ammar ibn Musa al-Sabati, from Abu Abdullah (a.s), who said: I asked Imam (a.s) about Tayammum (dry ablution) for Wudu', Janabah (major ritual impurity), and menstruation for women - whether it is the same. Imam (a.s) said: "Yes."

ثم قال أيده الله تعالى والمحدث بالنوم والاغماء والمرة يتيمم كما ذكرناه في باب المحدث بالبول والغائط ويدخل بذلك في الصلاة إذا كانت هذه الاشياء مما تنقض الطهارة وكان منتقض الطهارة يلزمه التيمم حسب ما ذكرناه فلا فرق بين أن ينتقض طهارته باحد هذه الاشياء أو بالبول والغائط حسب ما ذكرناه في أن التيمم يلزمه ثم قال أيده الله تعالى ومتى وجد واحد ممن سميناه الماء بعد فقده أو تمكن من استعماله تطهر به حسب ما فاته إن كان وضوءا فوضوءا وإن كان غسلا فغسلا، والفرق بين التيمم بدلا من الغسل والتيمم بدلا من الوضوء ما بيناه من أن المحدث لما يوجب طهارته بالغسل إذا لم يقدر عليه يتيمم بضربتين احداهما لوجهه والثانية لظاهر كفيه، والمحدث لما يوجب طهارته بالوضوء يتيمم بضربة واحدة لوجهه ويديه فقد مضى شرحه مستوفى وفيه كفاية إن شاء الله تعالى ثم قال أيده الله تعالى والميت إذا لم يوجد الماء لغسله، يممه المسلم كما يؤمم الحي العاجز بالزمانة عند حاجته إلى التيمم من جنابته يضرب بيديه على الارض ويمسح بهما وجهه من قصاص شعر رأسه إلى طرف أنفه ثم يضرب بهما ضربة اخرى فيمسح بهما ظاهر كفيه ثم تيمم هو لمسه بمثل ذلك سواء يدل على ذلك ما ثبت من وجوب غسل الميت وإن من فقد الماء انتقل فرضه إلى التيمم حسب ما قدمناه

Then the Shaykh (Al-Mufid), may Allah (swt) support him, said: “The one who loses purification due to sleep, fainting, or vomiting performs Tayammum as we have described in the chapter on losing purification due to urination and defecation and thereby becomes eligible for prayer. Since these states invalidate purification, the one whose purification is invalidated must perform Tayammum as previously explained. There is no difference whether purification is invalidated by these conditions or by urination and defecation in terms of the requirement for Tayammum.” Then the Shaykh (Al-Mufid), may Allah (swt) support him, said: “Whenever any of those mentioned finds water after its absence or is able to use it, they must purify themselves with it according to what they missed. If it is Wudu', they perform Wudu'. If it is Ghusl, they perform Ghusl. The difference between Tayammum as a substitute for Ghusl and Tayammum as a substitute for Wudu' is as follows: if purification is required by something that necessitates Ghusl, and the person cannot perform it, they perform Tayammum with two strikes - one for their face and the other for the backs of their palms. If purification is required by something that necessitates Wudu', they perform Tayammum with one strike for their face and hands.” This has already been explained in detail, and it suffices, Allah (swt) willing. Then the Shaykh (Al-Mufid), may Allah (swt) support him, said: “If a deceased person cannot be washed due to the absence of water, a Muslim performs Tayammum on the deceased just as they would for a living person who is unable to perform ablution due to illness. The deceased’s Tayammum is performed by striking the hands on the ground, wiping their face from the hairline to the tip of the nose, and then striking the hands again and wiping the backs of the palms. The one performing the Tayammum for the deceased should perform their own Tayammum in the same way.” This is supported by the established obligation of washing the deceased. When water is unavailable, this obligation transitions to Tayammum, as previously described.