Man Lā Yaḥḍuruh al-Faqīh

إِذَا تَرَكَ الرَّجُلُ أَخاً لِأَبٍ وَ أُمٍّ فَالْمَالُ كُلُّهُ لَهُ وَ كَذَلِكَ إِذَا كَانَا أَخَوَيْنِ أَوْ أَكْثَرَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ فَالْمَالُ بَيْنَهُمْ بِالسَّوِيَّةِ فَإِنْ تَرَكَ أُخْتاً لِأَبٍ وَ أُمٍّ فَلَهَا النِّصْفُ بِالتَّسْمِيَةِ وَ الْبَاقِي رَدٌّ عَلَيْهَا لِأَنَّهَا أَقْرَبُ الْأَرْحَامِ وَ هِيَ ذَاتُ سَهْمٍ‌ وَ كَذَلِكَ إِنْ تَرَكَ أُخْتَيْنِ أَوْ أَكْثَرَ فَلَهُنَّ الثُّلُثَانِ بِالتَّسْمِيَةِ وَ الْبَاقِي رَدٌّ عَلَيْهِنَّ بِسَهْمِ ذَوِي الْأَرْحَامِ وَ إِنْ كَانُوا إِخْوَةً وَ أَخَوَاتٍ لِأَبٍ وَ أُمٍّ فَالْمَالُ بَيْنَهُمْ‌ لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الْأُنْثَيَيْنِ‌ وَ كَذَلِكَ الْإِخْوَةُ وَ الْأَخَوَاتُ لِلْأَبِ فِي كُلِّ مَوْضِعٍ يَقُومُونَ مَقَامَ الْإِخْوَةِ وَ الْأَخَوَاتِ لِلْأَبِ وَ الْأُمِّ إِذَا لَمْ يَكُنْ إِخْوَةٌ وَ أَخَوَاتٌ لِأَبٍ وَ أُمٍّ فَإِنْ تَرَكَ أَخاً لِأَبٍ وَ أُمٍّ وَ أَخاً لِأَبٍ فَالْمَالُ كُلُّهُ لِلْأَخِ مِنَ الْأَبِ وَ الْأُمِّ وَ سَقَطَ الْأَخُ مِنَ الْأَبِ وَ لَا يَرِثُ الْإِخْوَةُ مِنَ الْأَبِ ذُكُوراً كَانُوا أَوْ إِنَاثاً مَعَ الْإِخْوَةِ مِنَ الْأَبِ وَ الْأُمِّ ذُكُوراً كَانُوا أَوْ إِنَاثاً شَيْئاً فَإِنْ تَرَكَ أَخاً لِأَبٍ وَ أُمٍّ وَ أُخْتاً لِأَبٍ فَالْمَالُ كُلُّهُ لِلْأَخِ مِنَ الْأَبِ وَ الْأُمِّ وَ كَذَلِكَ إِنْ تَرَكَ أُخْتاً لِأَبٍ وَ أُمٍّ وَ أَخاً لِأَبٍ فَالْمَالُ كُلُّهُ لِلْأُخْتِ مِنَ الْأَبِ وَ الْأُمِّ يَكُونُ لَهَا النِّصْفُ بِالتَّسْمِيَةِ وَ مَا بَقِيَ فَلِأَقْرَبِ أُولِي الْأَرْحَامِ وَ هِيَ أَقْرَبُ أُولِي الْأَرْحَامِ.

If a man passes away and leaves behind a full brother (from the same father and mother), the entire inheritance goes to that brother. Similarly, if he leaves two or more full brothers, the estate is divided equally among them. If he leaves behind a full sister (from the same father and mother), she receives half of the inheritance as explicitly assigned, and the remaining portion is also returned to her since she is the closest relative with a designated share. If he leaves two or more full sisters, they collectively receive two-thirds of the inheritance, and the remainder is also distributed among them as relatives entitled to shares. If the deceased leaves both full brothers and full sisters, the estate is divided among them with the male receiving twice the share of the female, as specified by the principle: "For the male is the share of two females." Likewise, paternal brothers and sisters (sharing the same father but different mothers) take the place of full siblings if there are no full brothers or sisters. If the deceased leaves a full brother and a paternal brother, the entire inheritance goes to the full brother, and the paternal brother receives nothing. Paternal siblings, whether male or female, do not inherit alongside full siblings. If he leaves a full brother and a paternal sister, the entire estate goes to the full brother. Similarly, if he leaves a full sister and a paternal brother, the full sister receives half by designation, and the remaining portion goes to the closest kin among the relatives, with the full sister being the closest.

5621 - لِقَوْلِ اَلنَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ : "أَعْيَانُ بَنِي اَلْأُمِّ أَحَقُّ بِالْمِيرَاثِ مِنْ وُلْدِ اَلْعَلاَّتِ". فَإِنْ تَرَكَ أَخَوَاتٍ لِأَبٍ وَ أُمٍّ وَ أَخَوَاتٍ لِأَبٍ وَ ابْنِ أَخٍ لِأَبٍ فَلِلْأَخَوَاتِ لِلْأَبِ وَ الْأُمِّ الثُّلُثَانِ وَ مَا بَقِيَ رَدٌّ عَلَيْهِنَّ لِأَنَّهُنَّ أَقْرَبُ الْأَرْحَامِ فَإِنْ تَرَكَ أَخاً لِأَبٍ وَ ابْنَ أَخٍ لِأَبٍ وَ أُمٍّ فَالْمَالُ كُلُّهُ لِلْأَخِ مِنَ الْأَبِ لِأَنَّهُ أَقْرَبُ بِبَطْنٍ وَ لِأَنَّ الْأَخَ لِلْأَبِ يَقُومُ مَقَامَ الْأَخِ لِلْأَبِ وَ الْأُمِّ إِذَا لَمْ يَكُنْ أَخٌ لِأَبٍ وَ أُمٍّ فَلَمَّا قَامَ مَقَامَ الْأَخِ لِلْأَبِ وَ الْأُمِّ وَ كَانَ أَقْرَبَ بِبَطْنٍ كَانَ أَحَقَّ بِالْمِيرَاثِ مِنِ ابْنِ الْأَخِ فَإِنْ تَرَكَ أَخاً لِأَبٍ وَ أُمٍّ وَ أَخاً لِأُمٍّ فَلِلْأَخِ مِنَ الْأُمِّ السُّدُسُ وَ مَا بَقِيَ فَلِلْأَخِ مِنَ الْأَبِ وَ الْأُمِّ فَإِنْ تَرَكَ إِخْوَةً وَ أَخَوَاتٍ لِأَبٍ وَ أُمٍّ وَ أُخْتاً لِأُمٍّ فَلِلْأُخْتِ مِنَ الْأُمِّ السُّدُسُ وَ مَا بَقِيَ فَبَيْنَ الْإِخْوَةِ وَ الْأَخَوَاتِ لِلْأَبِ وَ الْأُمِ‌ لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الْأُنْثَيَيْنِ‌ فَإِنْ تَرَكَ أُخْتاً لِأَبٍ وَ أُمٍّ وَ أُخْتاً أَوْ أَخاً لِأُمٍّ فَلِلْأَخِ أَوِ الْأُخْتِ لِلْأُمِّ السُّدُسُ وَ لِلْأُخْتِ لِلْأَبِ وَ الْأُمِّ الْبَاقِي‌ فَإِنْ تَرَكَ أَخَوَيْنِ أَوْ أُخْتَيْنِ لِأُمٍّ أَوْ أَكْثَرَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ وَ إِخْوَةً لِأَبٍ وَ أُمٍّ فَلِلْإِخْوَةِ أَوِ الْأَخَوَاتِ مِنْ قِبَلِ الْأُمِّ الثُّلُثُ بَيْنَهُمْ بِالسَّوِيَّةِ وَ مَا بَقِيَ فَلِلْإِخْوَةِ مِنَ الْأَبِ وَ الْأُمِ‌ وَ الْأَخُ مِنَ الْأُمِّ ذَكَراً كَانَ أَوْ أُنْثَى إِذَا كَانَ وَاحِداً فَلَهُ السُّدُسُ فَإِنْ كَانُوا أَكْثَرَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ ذُكُوراً كَانُوا أَوْ إِنَاثاً فَلَهُمُ الثُّلُثُ لَا يُزَادُونَ عَلَى الثُّلُثِ وَ لَا يُنْقَصُونَ مِنَ السُّدُسِ‌ إِذَا كَانَ وَاحِداً قَالَ اللَّهُ تَبَارَكَ وَ تَعَالَى- وَ إِنْ كانَ رَجُلٌ يُورَثُ كَلالَةً أَوِ امْرَأَةٌ وَ لَهُ أَخٌ أَوْ أُخْتٌ فَلِكُلِّ واحِدٍ مِنْهُمَا السُّدُسُ فَإِنْ كانُوا أَكْثَرَ مِنْ ذلِكَ فَهُمْ شُرَكاءُ فِي الثُّلُثِ‌ -فَإِنْ تَرَكَ أَخَاهُ لِأَبِيهِ وَ أَخَاهُ لِأُمِّهِ وَ أَخَاهُ لِأَبِيهِ وَ أُمِّهِ فَلِلْأَخِ مِنَ الْأُمِّ السُّدُسُ وَ مَا بَقِيَ فَلِلْأَخِ مِنَ الْأَبِ وَ الْأُمِّ وَ سَقَطَ الْأَخُ مِنَ الْأَبِ فَإِنْ تَرَكَ إِخْوَةً وَ أَخَوَاتٍ لِأُمٍّ وَ إِخْوَةً وَ أَخَوَاتٍ لِأَبٍ وَ أُمٍّ وَ إِخْوَةً وَ أَخَوَاتٍ لِأَبٍ فَلِلْإِخْوَةِ وَ الْأَخَوَاتِ مِنَ الْأُمِّ الثُّلُثُ الذَّكَرُ وَ الْأُنْثَى فِيهِ سَوَاءٌ وَ مَا بَقِيَ فَلِلْإِخْوَةِ وَ الْأَخَوَاتِ مِنَ الْأَبِ وَ الْأُمِ‌ لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الْأُنْثَيَيْنِ‌ وَ سَقَطَ الْإِخْوَةُ وَ الْأَخَوَاتُ مِنَ الْأَبِ فَإِنْ تَرَكَ أُخْتاً لِأُمٍّ وَ أُخْتاً لِأَبٍ وَ أُمٍّ وَ أُخْتاً لِأَبٍ فَلِلْأُخْتِ مِنَ الْأُمِّ السُّدُسُ وَ مَا بَقِيَ فَلِلْأُخْتِ مِنَ الْأَبِ وَ الْأُمِّ وَ سَقَطَتِ الْأُخْتُ مِنَ الْأَبِ فَإِنْ تَرَكَ أُخْتَيْنِ لِأُمٍّ وَ أُخْتَيْنِ لِأَبٍ وَ أُمٍّ وَ أُخْتَيْنِ لِأَبٍ فَلِلْأُخْتَيْنِ لِلْأُمِّ الثُّلُثُ بَيْنَهُمَا بِالسَّوِيَّةِ وَ مَا بَقِيَ فَلِلْأُخْتَيْنِ مِنَ الْأَبِ وَ الْأُمِّ وَ سَقَطَ الْأُخْتَانِ مِنَ الْأَبِ فَإِنْ تَرَكَ أُخْتاً لِأَبٍ وَ أُمٍّ وَ إِخْوَةً وَ أَخَوَاتٍ لِأُمٍّ وَ ابْنَ أَخٍ لِأَبٍ وَ أُمٍّ فَإِنَّ لِلْإِخْوَةِ وَ الْأَخَوَاتِ مِنَ الْأُمِّ الثُّلُثَ الذَّكَرُ وَ الْأُنْثَى فِيهِ سَوَاءٌ وَ مَا بَقِيَ فَلِلْأُخْتِ مِنَ الْأَبِ وَ الْأُمِّ وَ سَقَطَ ابْنُ الْأَخِ لِلْأَبِ وَ الْأُمِّ فَإِنْ تَرَكَ أَخاً لِأَبٍ وَ ابْنَ أَخٍ لِأُمٍّ فَالْمَالُ كُلُّهُ لِلْأَخِ مِنَ الْأَبِ فَإِنْ تَرَكَ أَخاً لِأُمٍّ وَ ابْنَ أَخٍ لِأَبٍ وَ أُمٍّ فَالْمَالُ كُلُّهُ لِلْأَخِ مِنَ الْأُمِّ وَ سَقَطَ ابْنُ الْأَخِ لِلْأَبِ وَ الْأُمِّ وَ غَلِطَ الْفَضْلُ بْنُ شَاذَانَ فِي هَذِهِ الْمَسْأَلَةِ فَقَالَ لِلْأَخِ مِنَ الْأُمِّ السُّدُسُ سَهْمُهُ الْمُسَمَّى لَهُ وَ مَا بَقِيَ فَلِابْنِ الْأَخِ لِلْأَبِ وَ الْأُمِّ وَ احْتَجَّ فِي ذَلِكَ بِحُجَّةٍ ضَعِيفَةٍ فَقَالَ لِأَنَّ ابْنَ الْأَخِ لِلْأَبِ وَ الْأُمِّ يَقُومُ مَقَامَ الْأَخِ الَّذِي يَسْتَحِقُّ الْمَالَ كُلَّهُ بِالْكِتَابِ فَهُوَ بِمَنْزِلَةِ الْأَخِ لِلْأَبِ وَ الْأُمِّ وَ لَهُ فَضْلُ قَرَابَةٍ بِسَبَبِ الْأُمِّ قَالَ مُصَنِّفُ هَذَا الْكِتَابِ رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ وَ إِنَّمَا يَكُونُ ابْنُ الْأَخِ بِمَنْزِلَةِ الْأَخِ إِذَا لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ أَخٌ فَإِذَا كَانَ لَهُ أَخٌ لَمْ يَكُنْ بِمَنْزِلَةِ الْأَخِ كَوَلَدِ الْوَلَدِ إِنَّمَا هُوَ وَلَدٌ إِذَا لَمْ يَكُنْ لِلْمَيِّتِ وَلَدٌ وَ لَا أَبَوَانِ وَ لَوْ جَازَ الْقِيَاسُ فِي دِينِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ لَكَانَ الرَّجُلُ إِذَا تَرَكَ أَخاً لِأَبٍ وَ ابْنَ أَخٍ لِأَبٍ وَ أُمٍّ كَانَ الْمَالُ كُلُّهُ لِابْنِ الْأَخِ لِلْأَبِ وَ الْأُمِّ قِيَاساً عَلَى عَمٍّ لِأَبٍ وَ ابْنِ عَمٍّ لِأَبٍ وَ أُمٍّ لِأَنَّ الْمَالَ كُلَّهُ لِابْنِ الْعَمِّ لِلْأَبِ وَ الْأُمِّ لِأَنَّهُ قَدْ جَمَعَ الْكَلَالَتَيْنِ كَلَالَةَ الْأَبِ وَ كَلَالَةَ الْأُمِّ وَ ذَلِكَ بِالْخَبَرِ الْمَأْثُورِ عَنِ الْأَئِمَّةِ الَّذِينَ يَجِبُ التَّسْلِيمُ لَهُمْ ع وَ الْفَضْلُ يَقُولُ فِي هَذِهِ الْمَسْأَلَةِ إِنَّ الْمَالَ لِلْأَخِ لِلْأَبِ وَ سَقَطَ ابْنُ الْأَخِ لِلْأَبِ وَ الْأُمِّ وَ يَلْزَمُهُ عَلَى قِيَاسِهِ أَنَّ الْمَالَ بَيْنَ ابْنِ الْأَخِ لِلْأَبِ وَ الْأُمِّ وَ بَيْنَ الْأَخِ لِلْأَبِ لِأَنَّ ابْنَ الْأَخِ لَهُ فَضْلُ قَرَابَةٍ بِسَبَبِ الْأُمِّ وَ هُوَ يَتَقَرَّبُ بِمَنْ يَسْتَحِقُّ الْمَالَ كُلَّهُ بِالتَّسْمِيَةِ وَ بِمَنْ لَا يَرِثُ الْأَخَ لِلْأَبِ مَعَهُ‌ فَإِنْ تَرَكَ ابْنَ أَخٍ لِأُمٍّ وَ ابْنَ أَخٍ لِأَبٍ وَ أُمٍّ وَ ابْنَ أَخٍ لِأَبٍ فَلِابْنِ الْأَخِ مِنَ الْأُمِّ السُّدُسُ وَ مَا بَقِيَ فَلِابْنِ الْأَخِ مِنَ الْأَبِ وَ الْأُمِّ وَ سَقَطَ ابْنُ الْأَخِ مِنَ الْأَبِ فَإِنْ تَرَكَ ابْنَ أَخٍ لِأَبٍ وَ ابْنَ أَخٍ لِأَبٍ وَ أُمٍّ فَالْمَالُ كُلُّهُ لِابْنِ الْأَخِ لِلْأَبِ وَ الْأُمِّ وَ سَقَطَ ابْنُ الْأَخِ لِلْأَبِ فَإِنْ تَرَكَ ابْنَةَ أُخْتٍ لِأُمٍّ وَ ابْنَةَ أُخْتٍ لِأَبٍ وَ أُمٍّ وَ ابْنَةَ أُخْتٍ لِأَبٍ فَلِابْنَةِ الْأُخْتِ لِلْأُمِّ السُّدُسُ وَ مَا بَقِيَ فَلِابْنَةِ الْأُخْتِ لِلْأَبِ وَ الْأُمِّ وَ سَقَطَتِ ابْنَةُ الْأُخْتِ لِلْأَبِ فَإِنْ تَرَكَ ابْنَةَ أَخٍ لِأَبٍ وَ أُمٍّ وَ بَنِي أَخٍ لِأَبٍ وَ أُمٍّ فَإِنْ كَانُوا لِأَخٍ وَاحِدٍ فَالْمَالُ بَيْنَهُمْ‌ لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الْأُنْثَيَيْنِ‌ وَ إِنْ كَانَ الْأَخُ أَبُو الِابْنَةِ غَيْرَ الْأَخِ أَبِي الْبَنِينَ فَلِابْنَةِ الْأَخِ النِّصْفُ مِنَ الْمِيرَاثِ نَصِيبُ أَبِيهَا وَ لِبَنِي الْأَخِ النِّصْفُ مِيرَاثُ أَبِيهِمْ فَإِنْ تَرَكَ ابْنَ أَخٍ لِأُمٍّ وَ ابْنَ ابْنِ ابْنِ أَخٍ لِأَبٍ وَ أُمٍّ فَالْمَالُ كُلُّهُ لِابْنِ الْأَخِ لِلْأُمِّ لِأَنَّهُ أَقْرَبُ وَ لَيْسَ كَمَا قَالَ الْفَضْلُ بْنُ شَاذَانَ إِنَّ لِابْنِ الْأَخِ مِنَ الْأُمِّ السُّدُسَ وَ مَا بَقِيَ فَلِابْنِ ابْنِ ابْنِ الْأَخِ لِلْأَبِ وَ الْأُمِّ لِأَنَّهُ خِلَافُ الْأَصْلِ الَّذِي بَنَى اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ عَلَيْهِ فَرَائِضَ الْمَوَارِيثِ فَإِنْ تَرَكَ ابْنَ ابْنِ ابْنِ أَخٍ لِأَبٍ وَ أُمٍّ أَوْ لِأَبٍ أَوْ لِأُمٍّ وَ عَمّاً أَوْ عَمَّةً أَوْ خَالًا أَوْ خَالَةً فَالْمَالُ لِابْنِ ابْنِ ابْنِ الْأَخِ لِلْأَبِ وَ الْأُمِّ فَإِنَّ وُلْدَ الْأَخِ وَ إِنْ سَفَلُوا فَهُمْ مِنْ وُلْدِ الْأَبِ وَ الْعَمَّ وَ الْعَمَّةَ مِنْ وُلْدِ الْجَدِّ وَ الْخَالَ وَ الْخَالَةَ مِنْ وُلْدِ الْجَدِّ وَ وُلْدُ الْأَبِ وَ إِنْ سَفَلُوا فَهُمْ أَحَقُّ بِالْمِيرَاثِ مِنْ وُلْدِ الْجَدِّ وَ كَذَلِكَ يَجْرِي أَوْلَادُ الْأُخْتِ لِأَبٍ كَانَتْ أَوْ لِأُمٍّ أَوْ لِأَبٍ وَ أُمٍّ هَذَا الْمَجْرَى لَا يَرِثُ مَعَهُمْ عَمٌّ وَ لَا عَمَّةٌ وَ لَا خَالٌ وَ لَا خَالَةٌ كَمَا لَا يَرِثُ مَعَ وَلَدِ الْوَلَدِ وَ إِنْ سَفَلُوا أَخٌ وَ لَا أُخْتٌ لِأَبٍ كَانُوا أَوْ لِأُمٍّ أَوْ لِأَبٍ وَ أُمٍّ.

Hadith.5621 - The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him and his family) said: "The full siblings from the same mother are more entitled to inheritance than the paternal half-siblings." [AL SADUQ] If a person leaves behind full sisters (from the same father and mother), paternal sisters (from the same father only), and a paternal nephew, then the full sisters are entitled to two-thirds of the inheritance, and the remainder is also returned to them, as they are the closest in kinship. If the deceased leaves a paternal brother and a paternal nephew from both parents, then the entire estate belongs to the paternal brother, as he is closer by one degree. The paternal brother takes the place of a full brother (from both parents) if no such full brother exists. Since he stands in the position of the full brother and is closer by one degree, he has a stronger claim to the inheritance than the nephew. If the deceased leaves a full brother and a maternal brother, the maternal brother receives one-sixth, and the remainder belongs to the full brother. If a person leaves full siblings (brothers and sisters) and a maternal sister, the maternal sister receives one-sixth, and the remainder is distributed among the full siblings, with the male receiving twice the share of the female. If the deceased leaves a full sister and a maternal brother or sister, the maternal sibling receives one-sixth, and the full sister takes the remainder. If the deceased leaves two or more maternal siblings and full siblings, the maternal siblings collectively receive one-third of the estate, divided equally among them, regardless of gender. The remainder belongs to the full siblings. If there is only one maternal sibling, whether male or female, they receive one-sixth of the inheritance. If there are two or more maternal siblings, whether male or female, they collectively share one-third of the inheritance, and they are not entitled to more than one-third of the estate. And they shall not be given less than a sixth if there is only one. Allah (swt), the Blessed and Exalted, said: "And if a man or a woman leaves neither ascendants nor descendants but has a brother or a sister, each one of them shall have a sixth; but if they are more than that, they shall share in a third." If he leaves behind his paternal brother, his maternal brother, and his paternal and maternal brother, the maternal brother shall receive one-sixth, and whatever remains shall belong to the paternal and maternal brother, and the paternal brother shall be excluded. If he leaves behind maternal brothers and sisters, paternal and maternal brothers and sisters, and paternal brothers and sisters, the maternal brothers and sisters shall have a third, with males and females being equal, and whatever remains shall belong to the paternal and maternal brothers and sisters, with the male receiving twice the share of the female, and the paternal siblings shall be excluded. If he leaves behind a maternal sister, a paternal and maternal sister, and a paternal sister, the maternal sister shall receive one-sixth, and whatever remains shall belong to the paternal and maternal sister, and the paternal sister shall be excluded. If he leaves behind two maternal sisters, two paternal and maternal sisters, and two paternal sisters, the maternal sisters shall receive a third equally between them, and whatever remains shall belong to the paternal and maternal sisters, and the paternal sisters shall be excluded. If he leaves behind a paternal and maternal sister, maternal brothers and sisters, and the son of a paternal and maternal brother, the maternal brothers and sisters shall have a third, with males and females being equal. And whatever remains shall belong to the sister from the father and mother, and the son of the brother from the father and mother shall be excluded. If he leaves behind a brother from the father and a nephew from the mother, then the entire inheritance belongs to the brother from the father. If he leaves behind a brother from the mother and a nephew from the father and mother, then the entire inheritance belongs to the brother from the mother, and the nephew from the father and mother shall be excluded. Al-Fadl ibn Shadhan erred in this issue and said that the brother from the mother shall receive the sixth, which is his designated share, and whatever remains shall go to the nephew from the father and mother. He supported this with a weak argument, saying that the nephew from the father and mother takes the place of the brother who would have been entitled to the entire inheritance according to the Book, and thus he is like the brother from the father and mother and has the additional tie of kinship through the mother. The compiler of this book, may Allah (swt) have mercy on him, said that the nephew only takes the place of the brother if there is no brother. If there is a brother, then he does not take the place of the brother, just as the son of a son is considered a son only if the deceased has no son or parents. If analogy (qiyas) were permissible in the religion of Allah (swt), the Exalted, then if a man left behind a brother from the father and a nephew from the father and mother, the entire inheritance would belong to the nephew from the father and mother by analogy to the paternal uncle. And the cousin from the father and mother, for the entire estate belongs to the cousin from the father and mother because he combines both paternal and maternal ties. This is based on the transmitted report from the Imams, peace be upon them, to whom submission is obligatory. Al-Fadl states in this matter that the estate belongs to the brother from the father, and the nephew from the father and mother is excluded. According to his analogy, the estate should be divided between the nephew from the father and mother and the brother from the father because the nephew from the father and mother has the advantage of a closer maternal connection, and he is related to the one who is entitled to the entire inheritance by designation, as well as to the one who does not inherit alongside the brother from the father. If the deceased leaves behind a nephew from the mother, a nephew from the father and mother, and a nephew from the father, the nephew from the mother shall receive one-sixth, and the remainder shall go to the nephew from the father and mother, while the nephew from the father shall be excluded. If the deceased leaves behind a nephew from the father and a nephew from the father and mother, the entire estate belongs to the nephew from the father and mother, and the nephew from the father shall be excluded. If the deceased leaves behind a niece from the mother, a niece from the father and mother, and a niece from the father, the niece from the mother shall receive one-sixth, and the remainder shall belong to the niece from the father and mother. And the remaining share belongs to the niece from the father and mother, while the niece from the father is excluded. If the deceased leaves behind a niece from the father and mother and the sons of a brother from the father and mother, if they are from the same brother, the inheritance is divided among them with the share of a male being equal to that of two females. However, if the niece's father is different from the father of the sons of the brother, then the niece inherits half of the estate as the share of her father, and the sons of the brother inherit the other half as their father's share. If the deceased leaves behind a nephew from the mother and the great-grandson of a nephew from the father and mother, the entire estate belongs to the nephew from the mother, as he is closer. Contrary to what Al-Fadl ibn Shadhan stated, the nephew from the mother does not inherit only one-sixth while the remainder goes to the great-grandson of the nephew from the father and mother. Such a claim contradicts the foundational principle upon which Allah (swt), the Almighty, has established the rules of inheritance. If the deceased leaves behind the great-grandson of a nephew from the father and mother, or from the father, or from the mother, along with an uncle, an aunt, a maternal uncle, or a maternal aunt, the estate belongs to the great-grandson of the nephew from the father and mother. This is because the descendants of a brother, even if distant, are considered from the line of the father, while an uncle and aunt are from the line of the grandfather, and a maternal uncle and maternal aunt are also from the line of the grandfather. The descendants of the father, even if distant, have a stronger claim to inheritance than the descendants of the grandfather. Similarly, the same rule applies to the children of a sister, whether she is from the father, the mother, or both. They are given precedence, and no uncle, aunt, maternal uncle, or maternal aunt inherits alongside them. Just as the presence of a grandchild, even if distant, excludes siblings from inheriting, whether they are from the father, the mother, or both.

5622 - وَ رَوَى اِبْنُ أَبِي عُمَيْرٍ عَنِ اِبْنِ أُذَيْنَةَ عَنْ بُكَيْرِ بْنِ أَعْيَنَ قَالَ : قُلْتُ لِأَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ اِمْرَأَةٌ مَاتَتْ وَ تَرَكَتْ زَوْجَهَا وَ إِخْوَتَهَا لِأُمِّهَا وَ إِخْوَتَهَا لِأَبِيهَا فَقَالَ "لِلزَّوْجِ اَلنِّصْفُ ثَلاَثَةُ أَسْهُمٍ وَ لِلْإِخْوَةِ لِلْأُمِّ اَلثُّلُثُ اَلذَّكَرُ وَ اَلْأُنْثَى فِيهِ سَوَاءٌ وَ بَقِيَ سَهْمٌ فَهُوَ لِلْإِخْوَةِ وَ اَلْأَخَوَاتِ مِنَ اَلْأَبِ "لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ اَلْأُنْثَيَيْنِ" ".

Hadith.5622 - Ibn Abi Umayr narrated from Ibn Udhaynah from Bukayr ibn A'yan, who said: I asked Abu Abdullah (as) about a woman who died and left behind her husband, maternal brothers, and paternal brothers. Imam (as) said: "The husband receives half of the inheritance, which is three shares. The maternal brothers receive one-third, with males and females sharing equally. The remaining share goes to the paternal brothers and sisters, where the share of a male is equal to that of two females."

5623 - قَالَ : وَ جَاءَ رَجُلٌ إِلَى أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ فَسَأَلَهُ عَنِ اِمْرَأَةٍ تَرَكَتْ زَوْجَهَا وَ إِخْوَتَهَا لِأُمِّهَا وَ أُخْتَهَا لِأَبِيهَا فَقَالَ "لِلزَّوْجِ اَلنِّصْفُ ثَلاَثَةُ أَسْهُمٍ وَ لِلْإِخْوَةِ مِنَ اَلْأُمِّ سَهْمَانِ وَ لِلْأُخْتِ مِنَ اَلْأَبِ سَهْمٌ " فَقَالَ لَهُ اَلرَّجُلُ فَإِنَّ فَرَائِضَ زَيْدٍ وَ فَرَائِضَ اَلْعَامَّةِ عَلَى غَيْرِ هَذَا يَا أَبَا جَعْفَرٍ يَقُولُونَ لِلْأُخْتِ مِنَ اَلْأَبِ ثَلاَثَةُ أَسْهُمٍ هِيَ مِنْ سِتَّةٍ تَعُولُ إِلَى ثَمَانِيَةٍ فَقَالَ لَهُ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ "وَ لِمَ قَالُوا هَذَا" فَقَالَ لِأَنَّ اَللَّهَ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ قَالَ ۝ وَ لَهُ أُخْتٌ فَلَهٰا نِصْفُ مٰا تَرَكَ ۝ فَقَالَ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ "فَإِنْ كَانَتِ اَلْأُخْتُ أَخاً" قَالَ لَيْسَ لَهُ إِلاَّ اَلسُّدُسُ فَقَالَ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ "فَمَا لَكُمْ نَقَصْتُمُ اَلْأَخَ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ تَحْتَجُّونَ أَنَّ لِلْأُخْتِ اَلنِّصْفَ بِأَنَّ اَللَّهَ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ سَمَّى لَهَا اَلنِّصْفَ فَإِنَّ اَللَّهَ سَمَّى لِلْأَخِ اَلْكُلَّ وَ اَلْكُلُّ أَكْثَرُ مِنَ اَلنِّصْفِ لِأَنَّهُ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ قَالَ فِي اَلْأُخْتِ ۝ فَلَهٰا نِصْفُ مٰا تَرَكَ ۝ وَ قَالَ فِي اَلْأَخِ ۝ وَ هُوَ يَرِثُهٰا ۝ يَعْنِي جَمِيعَ مَالِهَا إِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهَا وَلَدٌ فَلاَ تُعْطُونَ اَلَّذِي جَعَلَ اَللَّهُ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ لَهُ اَلْجَمِيعَ فِي بَعْضِ فَرَائِضِكُمْ شَيْئاً وَ تُعْطُونَ اَلَّذِي جَعَلَ اَللَّهُ لَهُ اَلنِّصْفَ تَامّاً وَ تَقُولُونَ فِي زَوْجٍ وَ أُمٍّ وَ إِخْوَةٍ لِأُمٍّ وَ أُخْتٍ لِأَبٍ فَتُعْطُونَ اَلزَّوْجَ اَلنِّصْفَ وَ اَلْأُمَّ اَلسُّدُسَ وَ اَلْإِخْوَةَ مِنَ اَلْأُمِّ اَلثُّلُثَ وَ اَلْأُخْتَ مِنَ اَلْأَبِ اَلنِّصْفَ تَجْعَلُونَهَا مِنْ تِسْعَةٍ وَ هِيَ سِتَّةٌ تَعُولُ إِلَى تِسْعَةٍ" فَقَالَ كَذَلِكَ يَقُولُونَ فَقَالَ لَهُ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ "فَإِنْ كَانَتِ اَلْأُخْتُ أَخاً لِأَبٍ" قَالَ لَهُ اَلرَّجُلُ لَيْسَ لَهُ شَيْءٌ فَمَا تَقُولُ أَنْتَ فَقَالَ "لَيْسَ لِلْإِخْوَةِ مِنَ اَلْأَبِ وَ اَلْأُمِّ وَ لاَ لِلْإِخْوَةِ مِنَ اَلْأَبِ مَعَ اَلْأُمِّ شَيْءٌ".

Hadith.5623 - A man came to Abu Jafar Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (as) and asked him about a woman who passed away, leaving behind her husband, maternal brothers, and a paternal sister. Imam (as) said: "The husband receives half of the inheritance, which is three shares. The maternal brothers receive two shares, and the paternal sister receives one share." The man then said to Imam (as): "But the inheritance rulings of Zayd and the general scholars differ from this, O' Abu Ja'far (as). They say that the paternal sister receives three shares out of six, which are then adjusted to eight." Imam (as) asked him: "And why do they say this?" The man replied: "Because Allah (swt), the Mighty and Majestic, said: 'And if he has a sister, then she shall have half of what he leaves behind.'" (Surah An-Nisa 4:176) Imam (as) said: "What if the sister were a brother?" The man replied: "Then he would receive only one-sixth." Imam (as) responded: "Why have you then reduced the brother's share? If you argue that the sister receives half because Allah (swt), the Mighty and Majestic, has explicitly designated half for her, then know that Allah (swt) has designated the entire inheritance for the brother, and the whole is greater than half. For Allah (swt), the Mighty and Majestic, said regarding the sister: 'Then she shall have half of what he leaves behind.'" (Surah An-Nisa 4:176) And Allah (swt) said regarding the brother: "And he shall inherit her" (Surah An-Nisa 4:176) - meaning he inherits all of her wealth if she has no child. Yet, in some of your rulings, you do not give anything to the one whom Allah (swt), the Mighty and Majestic, has assigned the entire inheritance, while you give the one whom Allah (swt) has assigned only half the full share. You say in the case of a husband, a mother, maternal siblings, and a paternal sister that the husband receives half, the mother receives one-sixth, the maternal siblings receive one-third, and the paternal sister receives half. You calculate this from nine shares when it should be six, increasing it to nine. The man replied: "Yes, that is what they say." Imam (as) asked: "What if the paternal sister were a paternal brother?" The man answered: "He would receive nothing." Imam (as) then said: "Neither the full brothers and sisters nor the paternal brothers and sisters inherit alongside the mother."