Man Lā Yaḥḍuruh al-Faqīh

3861 - رَوَى أَبَانٌ عَنْ إِسْمَاعِيلَ بْنِ اَلْفَضْلِ قَالَ : سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنْ بَيْعِ اَلْكَلَإِ إِذَا كَانَ سَيْحاً يَعْمِدُ اَلرَّجُلُ إِلَى مَائِهِ فَيَسُوقُهُ إِلَى اَلْأَرْضِ فَيَسْقِيهِ اَلْحَشِيشَ وَ هُوَ اَلَّذِي حَفَرَ اَلنَّهَرَ وَ لَهُ اَلْمَاءُ يَزْرَعُ بِهِ مَا يَشَاءُ فَقَالَ "إِذَا كَانَ اَلْمَاءُ لَهُ فَلْيَزْرَعْ بِهِ مَا شَاءَ وَ يَبِيعُهُ بِمَا أَحَبَّ ".

Hadith.3861 - Aban narrated from Isma'il bin Al-Fadl who said: I asked Abu Abdillah (as) about selling pasture when it is irrigated by flowing water, where a man directs his water to the land, irrigates the grass, and he is the one who dug the canal and owns the water, planting with it whatever he wishes. Imam (as) said: "If the water is his, then he may plant with it whatever he wishes and sell it for whatever he likes."

3862 - وَ سَأَلَهُ سَمَاعَةُ : عَنْ شِرَاءِ اَلْقَصِيلِ يَشْتَرِيهِ اَلرَّجُلُ فَلاَ يَقْصِلُهُ وَ يَبْدُو لَهُ فِي تَرْكِهِ حَتَّى يَخْرُجَ سُنْبُلُهُ شَعِيراً أَوْ حِنْطَةً وَ قَدِ اِشْتَرَاهُ مِنْ أَصْلِهِ وَ مَا كَانَ عَلَى أَرْبَابِهِ مِنْ خَرَاجٍ فَهُوَ عَلَى اَلْعِلْجِ فَقَالَ "إِنْ كَانَ اِشْتَرَطَ حِينَ اِشْتَرَاهُ إِنْ شَاءَ قَطَعَهُ قَصِيلاً وَ إِنْ شَاءَ تَرَكَهُ كَمَا هُوَ حَتَّى يَكُونَ سُنْبُلاً وَ إِلاَّ فَلاَ يَنْبَغِي لَهُ أَنْ يَتْرُكَهُ حَتَّى يَكُونَ سُنْبُلاً".

Hadith.3862 - Sama'ah asked him about purchasing fodder crops, where a man buys them but does not harvest them, and then decides to leave them until they produce spikes of barley or wheat. He had bought them from their roots, and any tax due on them was the responsibility of the cultivator. Imam (as) said: "If he stipulated at the time of purchase that he may either cut them as fodder or leave them as they are until they produce spikes, then there is no harm. Otherwise, it is not proper for him to leave them until they produce spikes."

3863 - وَ سَأَلَهُ سَمَاعَةُ : عَنِ اَلرَّجُلِ اِشْتَرَى مَرْعًى يَرْعَى فِيهِ بِخَمْسِينَ دِرْهَماً أَوْ أَقَلَّ أَوْ أَكْثَرَ فَأَرَادَ أَنْ يُدْخِلَ مَعَهُ مَنْ يَرْعَى مَعَهُ وَ يَأْخُذَ مِنْهُمُ اَلثَّمَنَ قَالَ "فَلْيُدْخِلْ مَعَهُ مَنْ شَاءَ بِبَعْضِ مَا أَعْطَى وَ إِنْ أَدْخَلَ مَعَهُ بِتِسْعَةٍ وَ أَرْبَعِينَ دِرْهَماً فَكَانَ غَنَمُهُ تَرْعَى بِدِرْهَمٍ فَلاَ بَأْسَ وَ لَيْسَ لَهُ أَنْ يَبِيعَهُ بِخَمْسِينَ دِرْهَماً وَ يَرْعَى مَعَهُمْ إِلاَّ أَنْ يَكُونَ قَدْ عَمِلَ فِي اَلْمَرْعَى عَمَلاً حَفَرَ بِئْراً أَوْ شَقَّ نَهَراً بِرِضَا أَصْحَابِ اَلْمَرْعَى فَلاَ بَأْسَ بِأَنْ يَبِيعَهُ بِأَكْثَرَ مِمَّا اِشْتَرَاهُ بِهِ لِأَنَّهُ قَدْ عَمِلَ فِيهِ عَمَلاً فَلِذَلِكَ يَصْلُحُ لَهُ".

Hadith.3863 - Sama'ah asked him about a man who purchased grazing land for fifty dirhams, or more or less, to graze his livestock, and then wanted to allow others to graze with him and charge them a fee. Imam (as) said: "He may allow others to graze with him for part of what he paid. For example, if he includes others for forty-nine dirhams and his livestock grazes for one dirham, there is no harm in it. However, he is not allowed to sell the grazing rights for fifty dirhams and graze with them unless he has done some work on the pasture, such as digging a well or channeling a stream with the consent of the pasture owners. In that case, there is no harm in selling it for more than what he purchased it for, because he has added value through his work, making it permissible for him."

3864 - وَ رَوَى سُلَيْمَانُ بْنُ خَالِدٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ : "إِنِّي لَأَكْرَهُ أَنْ أَسْتَأْجِرَ اَلرَّحَى وَحْدَهَا ثُمَّ أُؤَاجِرَهَا بِأَكْثَرَ مِمَّا اِسْتَأْجَرْتُهَا إِلاَّ أَنْ أُحْدِثَ فِيهَا حَدَثاً أَوْ أُغْرَمَ فِيهَا غُرْماً".

Hadith.3864 - Sulaiman bin Khalid narrated from Abu Abdillah (as) who said: "I dislike renting a millstone alone and then leasing it out for more than what I rented it for, unless I make improvements to it or incur expenses related to it."

3865 - وَ فِي رِوَايَةِ إِسْحَاقَ بْنِ عَمَّارٍ عَنْ أَبِي بَصِيرٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ : "إِذَا تَقَبَّلْتَ أَرْضاً بِذَهَبٍ أَوْ فِضَّةٍ فَلاَ تُقَبِّلْهَا بِأَكْثَرَ مِمَّا قَبِلْتَهَا بِهِ لِأَنَّ اَلذَّهَبَ وَ اَلْفِضَّةَ مُصْمَتَانِ".

Hadith.3865 - In a narration from Ishaq bin Ammar, from Abu Basir, from Abu Abdillah (as), who said: "If you lease land with gold or silver, do not lease it out for more than what you leased it for, because gold and silver are fixed commodities."

3866 - وَ رُوِيَ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ أَبِي حَمْزَةَ عَنْ أَبِي بَصِيرٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ : سَأَلْتُهُ عَنِ اَلْحِنْطَةِ وَ اَلشَّعِيرِ أَشْتَرِي زَرْعَهُ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُسَنْبِلَ وَ هُوَ حَشِيشٌ قَالَ "لاَ إِلاَّ أَنْ يَشْتَرِيَهُ لِقَصِيلٍ يَعْلِفُهُ اَلدَّوَابَّ ثُمَّ يَتْرُكَهُ إِنْ شَاءَ حَتَّى يُسَنْبِلَ".

Hadith.3866 - It is narrated from Ali bin Abi Hamzah, from Abu Basir, from Abu Abdillah (as), who said: I asked him about purchasing wheat and barley crops before they produce spikes while they are still grass. Imam (as) said: "No, unless he buys it as fodder to feed animals, and then, if he wishes, he may leave it until it produces spikes."

3867 - وَ رُوِيَ عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ يَسَارٍ قَالَ : سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنِ اَلرَّجُلِ يَكُونُ لَهُ شِرْبٌ مَعَ اَلْقَوْمِ فِي قَنَاتِهِمْ وَ هُمْ فِيهِ شُرَكَاءُ فَيَسْتَغْنِي بَعْضُهُمْ عَنْ شِرْبِهِ أَ يَبِيعُهُ قَالَ "نَعَمْ إِنْ شَاءَ بَاعَهُ بِوَرِقٍ وَ إِنْ شَاءَ بَاعَهُ بِكَيْلِ حِنْطَةٍ".

Hadith.3867 - It is narrated from Sa'id bin Yasar who said: I asked Abu Abdillah (as) about a man who has a share of water usage in a canal along with others, and they are partners in it. If some of them no longer need their share of the water, can they sell it? Imam (as) said: "Yes, if he wishes, he may sell it for silver coins, or if he wishes, he may sell it for a measure of wheat."

3868 - وَ سَأَلَهُ سَمَاعَةُ : عَنْ رَجُلٍ يُزَارِعُ بِبَذْرِهِ فِي اَلْأَرْضِ مِائَةَ جَرِيبٍ مِنَ اَلطَّعَامِ أَوْ غَيْرِهِ مِمَّا يُزْرَعُ ثُمَّ يَأْتِيهِ رَجُلٌ آخَرُ فَيَقُولُ لَهُ خُذْ مِنِّي نِصْفَ بَذْرِكَ وَ نِصْفَ نَفَقَتِكَ فِي هَذِهِ اَلْأَرْضِ لِأُشَارِكَكَ قَالَ "لاَ بَأْسَ بِذَلِكَ".

Hadith.3868 - Sama'ah asked him about a man who cultivates one hundred jaribs of crops, whether food or other plants, using his own seeds. Then another man comes to him and says, "Take half of my seeds and half of my expenses for this land so that I may share the partnership with you." Imam (as) said: "There is no harm in that."

3869 - وَ سَأَلَهُ عَنْ رَجُلٍ اِشْتَرَى قَصِيلاً فَلَمْ يَقْصِلْهُ وَ تَرَكَهُ حَتَّى صَارَ شَعِيراً وَ قَدْ كَانَ اِشْتَرَطَ عَلَى اَلْعِلْجِ يَوْمَ اِشْتَرَاهُ أَنَّهُ مَا يَأْتِيهِ مِنْ نَائِبَةٍ أَنَّهُ عَلَى اَلْعِلْجِ فَقَالَ "إِنْ كَانَ اِشْتَرَطَ عَلَى اَلْعِلْجِ يَوْمَ اِشْتَرَاهُ أَنَّهُ إِنْ شَاءَ جَعَلَهُ سُنْبُلاً وَ إِنْ شَاءَ جَعَلَهُ قَصِيلاً فَلَهُ شَرْطُهُ وَ إِنْ لَمْ يَكُنِ اِشْتَرَطَ فَلاَ يَنْبَغِي لَهُ أَنْ يَدَعَهُ حَتَّى يَكُونَ سُنْبُلاً فَإِنْ فَعَلَ فَإِنَّ عَلَيْهِ طَسْقَهُ وَ نَفَقَتَهُ وَ لَهُ مَا يَخْرُجُ مِنْهُ ".

Hadith.3869 - Sama'ah asked him about a man who purchased fodder crops but did not harvest them and left them until they turned into barley. He had stipulated with the landowner at the time of purchase that any incident or damage would be the responsibility of the landowner. Imam (as) said: "If he stipulated with the landowner at the time of purchase that he may leave it to grow into spikes or cut it as fodder, then he is bound by his condition. However, if he did not stipulate this, it is not proper for him to leave it until it becomes spikes. If he does so, then he is responsible for its tax and expenses, and he is entitled to what it produces."

3870 - وَ رُوِيَ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَلِيِّ بْنِ مَحْبُوبٍ قَالَ : كَتَبَ رَجُلٌ إِلَى اَلْفَقِيهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ فِي رَجُلٍ كَانَتْ لَهُ رَحًى عَلَى نَهَرِ قَرْيَةٍ وَ اَلْقَرْيَةُ لِرَجُلٍ أَوْ لِرَجُلَيْنِ فَأَرَادَ صَاحِبُ اَلْقَرْيَةِ أَنْ يَسُوقَ اَلْمَاءَ إِلَى قَرْيَتِهِ فِي غَيْرِ هَذَا اَلنَّهَرِ اَلَّذِي عَلَيْهِ هَذِهِ اَلرَّحَى وَ يُعَطِّلَ هَذِهِ اَلرَّحَى أَ لَهُ ذَلِكَ أَمْ لاَ فَوَقَّعَ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ "يَتَّقِي اَللَّهَ وَ يَعْمَلُ فِي ذَلِكَ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَ لاَ يُضَارُّ أَخَاهُ اَلْمُؤْمِنَ " وَ فِي رَجُلٍ كَانَتْ لَهُ قَنَاةٌ فِي قَرْيَةٍ فَأَرَادَ رَجُلٌ آخَرُ أَنْ يَحْفِرَ قَنَاةً أُخْرَى فَوْقَهَا فَمَا يَكُونُ بَيْنَهُمَا فِي اَلْبُعْدِ حَتَّى لاَ يُضِرَّ بِالْأُخْرَى فِي أَرْضٍ إِذَا كَانَتْ صَعْبَةً أَوْ رِخْوَةً فَوَقَّعَ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ "عَلَى حَسَبِ أَنْ لاَ يُضِرَّ أَحَدُهُمَا بِالْآخَرِ إِنْ شَاءَ اَللَّهُ تَعَالَى".

Hadith.3870 - It is narrated from Muhammad bin Ali bin Mahbub who said: A man wrote to the 'Jurist' (Imam Hasan ibn Ali Al-Askari (as)) regarding a case where a man had a mill situated on a river that passed through a village. The village belonged to one or two men. The owner of the village wanted to divert the water to his village through a different channel, which would disable the mill. He asked whether he had the right to do so. The 'Jurist' Imam (as) responded: "He should fear Allah (swt) and act in a fair manner, and he should not harm his believing brother." He also asked about a man who had a canal in a village, and another man wanted to dig another canal above it. He inquired about the required distance between them so that one would not harm the other, especially if the land was either hard or soft. The 'Jurist' Imam (as) responded: "It should be done in such a way that neither of them harms the other, if Allah (swt) wills."

3871 - وَ - قَضَى رَسُولُ اَللَّهِ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ أَنْ يَكُونَ بَيْنَ اَلْقَنَاتَيْنِ فِي اَلْعَرْضِ إِذَا كَانَتْ أَرْضاً رِخْوَةً أَنْ يَكُونَ بَيْنَهُمَا أَلْفُ ذِرَاعٍ وَ إِنْ كَانَتْ أَرْضاً صُلْبَةً يَكُونُ بَيْنَهُمَا خَمْسُمِائَةِ ذِرَاعٍ.

Hadith.3871 - The Messenger of Allah (swt) (peace and blessings be upon him and his family) ruled that the distance between two canals, if the land is soft, should be one thousand cubits, and if the land is hard, the distance should be five hundred cubits.

3872 - وَ قَضَى عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ فِي أَهْلِ اَلْبَوَادِي أَنْ لاَ يَمْنَعُوا فَضْلَ مَاءٍ وَ لاَ يَبِيعُوا فَضْلَ اَلْكَلَإِ.

Hadith.3872 - Imam (as) ruled concerning the people of the desert that they should neither withhold surplus water nor sell excess pasture.

3873 - وَ قَضَى عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ أَنَّ اَلْبِئْرَ حَرِيمُهَا أَرْبَعُونَ ذِرَاعاً لاَ يُحْفَرُ إِلَى جَنْبِهَا بِئْرٌ أُخْرَى لِمَعْطَنٍ أَوْ غَنَمٍ.

Hadith.3873 - Imam (as) ruled that the protected area around a well is forty cubits, and no other well may be dug next to it for watering livestock or sheep.

3874 - وَ رَوَى مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ سِنَانٍ عَنْ أَبِي اَلْحَسَنِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ : سَأَلْتُهُ عَنْ مَاءِ اَلْوَادِي فَقَالَ "إِنَّ اَلْمُسْلِمِينَ شُرَكَاءُ فِي اَلْمَاءِ وَ اَلنَّارِ وَ اَلْكَلَإِ ".

Hadith.3874 - Muhammad bin Sinan narrated from Abu Al-Hasan (as) who said: I asked him about the water of the valley. Imam (as) said: "Indeed, Muslims are partners in water, fire, and pasture."

3875 - وَ رَوَى عُمَرُ بْنُ حَنْظَلَةَ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ : فِي رَجُلٍ بَاعَ أَرْضاً عَلَى أَنَّ فِيهَا عَشَرَةَ أَجْرِبَةٍ فَاشْتَرَى اَلْمُشْتَرِي ذَلِكَ مِنْهُ بِحُدُودِهِ وَ نَقَدَ اَلثَّمَنَ وَ أَوْقَعَ صَفْقَةَ اَلْبَيْعِ وَ اِفْتَرَقَا فَلَمَّا مَسَحَ اَلْأَرْضَ إِذَا هِيَ خَمْسَةُ أَجْرِبَةٍ قَالَ "إِنْ شَاءَ اِسْتَرْجَعَ فَضْلَ مَالِهِ وَ أَخَذَ اَلْأَرْضَ وَ إِنْ شَاءَ رَدَّ اَلْبَيْعَ وَ أَخَذَ مَالَهُ كُلَّهُ إِلاَّ أَنْ تَكُونَ إِلَى حَدِّ تِلْكَ اَلْأَرْضِ لَهُ أَيْضاً أَرَضُونَ فَيُوَفِّيَهُ وَ يَكُونُ اَلْبَيْعُ لاَزِماً لَهُ وَ اَلْوَفَاءُ لَهُ بِتَمَامِ اَلْمَبِيعِ فَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ فِي ذَلِكَ اَلْمَكَانِ غَيْرُ اَلَّذِي بَاعَ فَإِنْ شَاءَ اَلْمُشْتَرِي أَخَذَ اَلْأَرْضَ وَ اِسْتَرْجَعَ فَضْلَ مَالِهِ وَ إِنْ شَاءَ رَدَّ وَ أَخَذَ اَلْمَالَ كُلَّهُ".

Hadith.3875 - Umar bin Hanzalah narrated from Abu Abdillah (as) regarding a man who sold a piece of land, claiming it contained ten jaribs, and the buyer purchased it with its boundaries specified, paid the price, concluded the sale, and they separated. However, when the land was measured, it turned out to be only five jaribs. Imam (as) said: "If the buyer wishes, he may reclaim the excess amount of his payment and keep the land, or if he wishes, he may cancel the sale and take back all his money, unless the seller owns additional land adjacent to the specified boundaries and fulfills the remainder of the agreed quantity. In that case, the sale remains valid, and the seller must complete the agreed quantity. However, if the seller does not own any additional land in that area beyond what he sold, then the buyer has the option to keep the land and reclaim the excess amount of his payment, or cancel the sale entirely and recover all his money."