Man Lā Yaḥḍuruh al-Faqīh

رَوَى طَلْحَةُ بْنُ زَيْدٍ عَنِ اَلصَّادِقِ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَلَيْهِمَا اَلسَّلاَمُ: "أَنَّ رَسُولَ اَللَّهِ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ قَضَى بِالشُّفْعَةِ مَا لَمْ تُوَرَّفْ يَعْنِي تُقْسَمْ ".

Talhah ibn Zayd narrated from Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (a.s) from his father, Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (a.s), peace be upon them: "Indeed, the Messenger of Allah (swt) (peace be upon him and his family) ruled in favor of preemption (shufah) as long as the property had not been inherited, meaning divided."

وَ رَوَى عُقْبَةُ بْنُ خَالِدٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: "قَضَى رَسُولُ اَللَّهِ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ بِالشُّفْعَةِ بَيْنَ اَلشُّرَكَاءِ فِي اَلْأَرَضِينَ وَ اَلْمَسَاكِنِ وَ قَالَ "لاَ ضَرَرَ وَ لاَ إِضْرَارَ" ".

Uqbah ibn Khalid narrated from Abu Abdillah (a.s): "The Messenger of Allah (swt) (peace be upon him and his family) ruled in favor of preemption (shufah) between partners in lands and houses, and He (saws) said: 'There is no harm and no harming (la darar wa la dirar).'"

وَ قَالَ اَلصَّادِقُ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: "إِذَا أُرِّفَتِ اَلْأُرَفُ وَ حُدَّتِ اَلْحُدُودُ فَلاَ شُفْعَةَ وَ لاَ شُفْعَةَ إِلاَّ لِشَرِيكٍ غَيْرِ مُقَاسِمٍ ".

Abu Abdullah Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (a.s) said: "When the landmarks are established and the boundaries are defined, there is no preemption (shufah). And there is no preemption except for a partner who has not divided (the property)."

وَ رَوَى إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ مُسْلِمٍ عَنْ جَعْفَرِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ قَالَ عَلِيٌّ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: "اَلشُّفْعَةُ عَلَى عَدَدِ اَلرِّجَالِ".

Isma'il ibn Muslim narrated from Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (a.s) from Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (a.s) who said that Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (a.s) said: "The right of pre-emption is according to the number of men."

وَ- فِي رِوَايَةِ طَلْحَةَ بْنِ زَيْدٍ عَنْ جَعْفَرِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ قَالَ عَلِيٌّ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ الشُّفْعَةُ عَلَى عَدَدِ الرِّجَالِ.

In the narration of Talhah ibn Zayd from Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (a.s) from Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (a.s) who said that Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (a.s) said: "The right of pre-emption is according to the number of men."

وَ قَالَ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: "لَيْسَ لِلْيَهُودِيِّ وَ اَلنَّصْرَانِيِّ شُفْعَةٌ وَ لاَ شُفْعَةَ إِلاَّ لِشَرِيكٍ غَيْرِ مُقَاسِمٍ".

Imam (a.s) said: "There is no preemption (shufah) for a Jew or a Christian, and preemption is only for a partner who has not yet divided."

وَ فِي رِوَايَةِ طَلْحَةَ بْنِ زَيْدٍ عَنْ جَعْفَرِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ قَالَ عَلِيٌّ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: "اَلشُّفْعَةُ لاَ تُورَثُ".

In the narration of Talhah ibn Zayd from Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (a.s) from Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (a.s) who said that Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (a.s) said: "Preemption (shufah) is not inherited."

وَ فِي رِوَايَةِ اَلسَّكُونِيِّ عَنْ جَعْفَرِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْ آبَائِهِ عَنْ عَلِيٍّ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اَللَّهِ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ: "لاَ شُفْعَةَ فِي سَفِينَةٍ وَ لاَ فِي نَهَرٍ وَ لاَ فِي طَرِيقٍ وَ لاَ فِي رَحًى وَ لاَ فِي حَمَّامٍ".

In the narration of Al-Sakooni from Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (a.s) from his father, Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (a.s) from his forefathers from Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (a.s), who said that the Messenger of Allah (swt) (peace be upon him and his family) said: "There is no preemption (shufah) in a ship, nor in a river, nor in a road, nor in a mill, nor in a bathhouse."

وَ قَالَ عَلِيٌّ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: "وَصِيُّ اَلْيَتِيمِ بِمَنْزِلَةِ أَبِيهِ يَأْخُذُ لَهُ اَلشُّفْعَةَ إِذَا كَانَتْ لَهُ رَغْبَةٌ" قَالَ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ "لِلْغَائِبِ اَلشُّفْعَةُ".

Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (a.s) said: "The guardian of the orphan is in the position of his father; he takes the preemption (shufah) for him if he has a desire for it." Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (a.s) also said: "The absentee has the right of preemption (shufah)."

وَ قَالَ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: "إِذَا وَقَعَتِ اَلسِّهَامُ اِرْتَفَعَتِ اَلشُّفْعَةُ".

Abu Jafar Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (a.s) said: "When the shares are divided, the right of preemption (shufah) is annulled."

وَ سُئِلَ اَلصَّادِقُ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنِ اَلشُّفْعَةِ لِمَنْ هِيَ وَ فِي أَيِّ شَيْءٍ هِيَ وَ هَلْ تَكُونُ فِي اَلْحَيَوَانِ شُفْعَةٌ وَ كَيْفَ هِيَ قَالَ "اَلشُّفْعَةُ وَاجِبَةٌ فِي كُلِّ شَيْءٍ مِنْ حَيَوَانٍ أَوْ أَرْضٍ أَوْ مَتَاعٍ إِذَا كَانَ اَلشَّيْءُ بَيْنَ شَرِيكَيْنِ لاَ غَيْرِهِمَا فَبَاعَ أَحَدُهُمَا نَصِيبَهُ فَشَرِيكُهُ أَحَقُّ بِهِ مِنْ غَيْرِهِ فَإِنْ زَادَ عَلَى اَلاِثْنَيْنِ فَلاَ شُفْعَةَ لِأَحَدٍ مِنْهُمْ".

Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (a.s) was asked about preemption (shufah)-to whom it applies, in what cases it is valid, and whether it applies to animals. Imam (a.s) replied: "Preemption is obligatory in everything-be it animals, land, or goods-if the property is shared between two partners and one of them sells his share. In such a case, his partner has more right to it than anyone else. However, if there are more than two partners, then none of them has a right to preemption."

قَالَ مُصَنِّفُ هَذَا الْكِتَابِ رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ يَعْنِي بِذَلِكَ الشُّفْعَةَ فِي الْحَيَوَانِ وَحْدَهُ فَأَمَّا فِي غَيْرِ الْحَيَوَانِ فَالشُّفْعَةُ وَاجِبَةٌ لِلشُّرَكَاءِ وَ إِنْ كَانُوا أَكْثَرَ مِنِ اثْنَيْنِ وَ تَصْدِيقُ ذَلِكَ مَا رَوَاهُ.

The compiler of this book, may Allah (swt) have mercy on him, clarified that this ruling applies specifically to animals. As for other forms of property, preemption remains obligatory for partners even if they are more than two, as supported by further narrations.

أَحْمَدُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَبِي نَصْرٍ عَنْ عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ بْنِ سِنَانٍ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُهُ عَنْ مَمْلُوكٍ بَيْنَ شُرَكَاءَ أَرَادَ أَحَدُهُمْ بَيْعَ نَصِيبِهِ قَالَ "يَبِيعُهُ" قَالَ قُلْتُ فَإِنَّهُمَا كَانَا اِثْنَيْنِ فَأَرَادَ أَحَدُهُمَا بَيْعَ نَصِيبِهِ فَلَمَّا أَقْدَمَ عَلَى اَلْبَيْعِ قَالَ لَهُ شَرِيكُهُ أَعْطِنِي قَالَ "هُوَ أَحَقُّ بِهِ" ثُمَّ قَالَ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ "لاَ شُفْعَةَ فِي حَيَوَانٍ إِلاَّ أَنْ يَكُونَ اَلشَّرِيكُ فِيهِ وَاحِداً".

Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Nasr narrated from Abdullah ibn Sinan who said: I asked Imam (a.s) about a slave owned jointly by partners, and one of them wanted to sell his share. Imam (a.s) said: "He may sell it." I then asked: "What if there were only two partners, and one of them wanted to sell his share, but when he proceeded with the sale, his partner said to him, 'Give it to me instead'?" Imam (a.s) replied: "The partner has more right to it." Then Imam (a.s) said: "There is no preemption (shufah) in animals except when there is only one partner involved."

وَ رَوَى اَلْحَسَنُ بْنُ مَحْبُوبٍ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ رِئَابٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: فِي رَجُلٍ اِشْتَرَى دَاراً بِرَقِيقٍ وَ مَتَاعٍ وَ بَزٍّ وَ جَوْهَرٍ فَقَالَ "لَيْسَ لِأَحَدٍ فِيهَا شُفْعَةٌ".

Al-Hasan ibn Mahbub narrated from Ali ibn Ri'ab from Abu Abdullah (a.s): Regarding a man who bought a house using slaves, goods, fabric, and jewels. Imam (a.s) said: "There is no preemption (shufah) for anyone in this case."

وَ إِذَا كَانَتْ دَاراً فِيهَا دُورٌ وَ طَرِيقُ أَرْبَابِهَا فِي عَرْصَةٍ وَاحِدَةٍ فَبَاعَ أَحَدُهُمْ دَاراً مِنْهَا مِنْ رَجُلٍ وَ طَلَبَ صَاحِبُ الدَّارِ الْأُخْرَى الشُّفْعَةَ فَإِنَّ لَهُ عَلَيْهِ الشُّفْعَةَ إِذَا لَمْ يَتَهَيَّأْ لَهُ أَنْ يُحَوِّلَ بَابَ الدَّارِ الَّتِي اشْتَرَاهَا إِلَى مَوْضِعٍ آخَرَ فَإِنْ كَانَ حَوَّلَ بَابَهَا فَلَا شُفْعَةَ لِأَحَدٍ عَلَيْهِ- وَ مَنْ طَلَبَ شُفْعَةً وَ زَعَمَ أَنَّ مَالَهُ غَيْرُ حَاضِرٍ وَ أَنَّهُ فِي بَلَدٍ آخَرَ انْتُظِرَ بِهِ مَسِيرَةَ الطَّرِيقِ فِي ذَهَابِهِ وَ رُجُوعِهِ وَ زِيَادَةَ ثَلَاثَةِ أَيَّامٍ فَإِنْ أَتَى بِالْمَالِ وَ إِلَّا فَلَا شُفْعَةَ لَهُ وَ إِذَا قَالَ طَالِبُ الشُّفْعَةِ لِلْمُشْتَرِي بَارَكَ اللَّهُ لَكَ فِيمَا اشْتَرَيْتَ أَوْ طَلَبَ مِنْهُ مُقَاسَمَةً فَلَا شُفْعَةَ لَهُ وَ كَانَ شَيْخُنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْحَسَنِ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ يَقُولُ لَيْسَ فِي الْمَوْهُوبِ وَ الْمُعَاوَضِ بِهِ شُفْعَةٌ إِنَّمَا الشُّفْعَةُ فِيمَا اشْتَرَيْتَ بِثَمَنِ مَعْلُومٍ ذَهَبٍ أَوْ فِضَّةٍ وَ يَكُونُ غَيْرَ مَقْسُومٍ- وَ حَدِيثُ عَلِيِّ بْنِ رِئَابٍ يُؤَيِّدُ ذَلِكَ وَ إِذَا تَبَرَّأَ الرَّجُلُ إِلَى الرَّجُلِ مِنْ نَصِيبِهِ فِي دَارٍ أَوْ أَرْضٍ فَلَا شُفْعَةَ لِأَحَدٍ عَلَيْهِ وَ لَا قُوَّةَ إِلَّا بِاللَّهِ الْعَلِيِّ الْعَظِيمِ.

And if there is a house that contains multiple units, and the owners share a common courtyard, and one of them sells his unit to another person, the owner of the other unit has the right of preemption, provided it is not possible for him to relocate the door of the purchased unit to another location. But if the door can be relocated, then there is no preemption for anyone. Whoever claims the right of preemption but says that his money is in another town, he is to be given the time required to travel to and from that town, plus an additional three days. If he fails to produce the money, then he forfeits his right of preemption. If the claimant of preemption says to the buyer, "May Allah (swt) bless what you have purchased," or requests to divide the property with him, then he has no right of preemption. Our Sheikh, Muhammad ibn Al-Hasan (may Allah (swt) have mercy on him), used to say that there is no preemption in gifts or items exchanged; preemption applies only to purchases made with a specified price, whether gold or silver, and when the property is undivided. The narration of Ali ibn Ri'ab supports this. And if a man relinquishes his share of a house or land to another person, then no one else has the right of preemption against him. And there is no power except with Allah (swt), the Most High, the Most Great.

وَ رَوَى اَلْحَسَنُ بْنُ مَحْبُوبٍ عَنْ مَالِكِ بْنِ عَطِيَّةَ عَنْ أَبِي بَصِيرٍ عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُهُ عَنْ رَجُلٍ تَزَوَّجَ اِمْرَأَةً عَلَى بَيْتٍ فِي دَارٍ لَهُ وَ لَهُ فِي تِلْكَ اَلدَّارِ شُرَكَاءُ قَالَ "جَائِزٌ لَهُ وَ لَهَا وَ لاَ شُفْعَةَ لِأَحَدٍ مِنَ اَلشُّرَكَاءِ عَلَيْهَا".

Al-Hasan ibn Mahbub narrated from Malik ibn Atiyyah from Abu Basir from Abu Ja'far Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (a.s): I asked him about a man who married a woman with the condition of giving her a house in his property, and he had partners in that property. Imam (a.s) said: "It is permissible for him and her, and none of the partners have any right of preemption (shufah) against her."