Hadith.4298 - Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq عليه السلام said that a false oath leaves homes deserted of their inhabitants.
Regarding vows (nadhir), they are of two types. The first type is when a man says, "If such-and-such happens, I will fast, pray, give charity, perform Hajj, or do some act of goodness." In this case, if condition is fulfilled, he has option to either fulfill the vow or leave it, as it is not binding.
The second type is when a man says, "If such-and-such happens, then it is an obligation upon me for the sake of Allah سبحانه وتعالى to do such-and-such." In this situation, the vow becomes binding, and he cannot abandon it. He must fulfill it, and if he fails, he is required to offer expiation.
The expiation for breaking a vow is the same as the expiation for breaking an oath, which is to feed ten needy people from the average food that one provides to their own family.
For each needy person, the expiation is either one mudd of food or providing clothing, with each man receiving two garments, or freeing a slave. If one cannot afford these options, then fasting for three days is required. This is expiation for your oaths when you swear and then break them.
If a man vows to fast every Saturday, Sunday, or all days continuously, he is not allowed to abandon it except for a valid reason. He is also not required to fast during travel or illness unless he had specifically intended to include these situations in his vow. If he breaks his fast without a valid reason, he must feed ten needy people for each day missed.
If a man vows to fast on a specific day for the rest of his life, and that day coincides with Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Adha, or the days of Tashreeq, or if he is traveling or falls ill, Allah سبحانه وتعالى has exempted him from fasting on these days. Instead, he should fast on another day as a substitute.
If a man makes a vow without specifying what he vowed, he has the choice to fulfill it by giving charity, praying two units of prayer, fasting a day, or feeding a needy person with a loaf of bread.
If a man vows to give a large amount of wealth in charity without specifying the amount, then the definition of "large" is eighty or more, based on the saying of Allah سبحانه وتعالى, "Indeed, Allah سبحانه وتعالى has given you victory in many places" (Surah At-Tawbah 9:25), where "many" refers to eighty places.
If a man vows to fast for a day or a month without specifying which day or month in his vow, and then breaks his fast, there is no expiation required. Instead, he must fast another specified day or month as a replacement, in accordance with his vow. However, if he vows to fast on a specific, well-known day or month, then he must fast that exact day or month. If he does not fast it or fasts it but then breaks it, he must offer expiation.
If a man vows to fast on a specific day and that day coincides with a day of obligation toward his family, he must fast another day in its place and also free a believing slave. It is important to note that a blind slave does not suffice for expiation, whereas a slave who is missing a limb, such as one who is maimed, crippled, one-eyed, or lame, is acceptable. However, a slave who is completely paralyzed does not fulfill the requirement for expiation.
In the case of ẓihar, it is permissible for a young boy born into Islam to be involved. If a man imposes an oath upon his debtor that he must not leave the town without informing him, then the debtor is not allowed to leave until he notifies the creditor. However, if the debtor fears that the creditor will prevent him from leaving and that this will result in harm to him and his family, he may leave without notifying the creditor, and there is no blame upon him for doing so.
If a man claims money from another man without any evidence and his claim is invalid, then if the amount claimed reaches thirty dirhams, he should give it to the claimant and not take an oath. However, if the amount is more than thirty dirhams, he should take an oath and not give it.
If a man owns a female slave, and his wife is upset by her presence and becomes jealous, leading him to say, "She is charity upon you," then if he made her an offering to Allah سبحانه وتعالى, the Almighty and Glorious, he is no longer permitted to approach her. However, if he did not mention Allah سبحانه وتعالى when making the statement, then the female slave remains his property, and he may do with her as he pleases.