Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām

قال الشيخ رحمه الله:) زكاة الفطرة واجبة على كل حر بالغ كامل بشرط وجود الطول لها، يخرجها عن نفسه وعن جميع من يعول من ذكر وانثى وحر وعبد وعن جميع رقيقه من المسلمين وأهل الذمة في كل حول مرة(

The Shaykh (Al-Mufid), may Allah (swt) have mercy on him, said: “Zakat al-fitrah is obligatory upon every free, adult, complete person, on the condition that he possesses the means for it, and he pays it on behalf of himself and all those whom he supports, male and female, free and slave, and on behalf of all his slaves from among the Muslims and the People of the Covenant (ahl al-dhimmah), once in every year.”

مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عِيسَى بْنِ عُبَيْدٍ عَنْ يُونُسَ عَنْ عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ بْنِ سِنَانٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ:» كُلُّ مَنْ ضَمَمْتَ إِلَى عِيَالِكَ مِنْ حُرٍّ أَوْ مَمْلُوكٍ فَعَلَيْكَ أَنْ تُؤَدِّيَ اَلْفِطْرَةَ عَنْهُ« قَالَ »فَإِعْطَاءُ اَلْفِطْرَةِ قَبْلَ اَلصَّلاَةِ أَفْضَلُ وَ بَعْدَ اَلصَّلاَةِ صَدَقَةٌ«.

Muhammad ibn Yaqub, from Ali ibn Ibrahim, from Muhammad ibn Isa ibn Ubayd, from Yunus, from Abdullah ibn Sinan, from Abu Abdillah (a.s), peace be upon him, who said: Imam (a.s) said: “Everyone whom you include among your dependents, whether free or owned, then it is upon you to pay al-fitrah on his behalf.” Imam (a.s) said: “Giving al-fitrah before prayer is better, and after prayer, it is charity.”

وَ عَنْهُ عَنْ عِدَّةٍ مِنْ أَصْحَابِنَا عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنِ اِبْنِ أَبِي نَجْرَانَ وَ عَلِيِّ بْنِ اَلْحَكَمِ عَنْ صَفْوَانَ اَلْجَمَّالِ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنِ اَلْفِطْرَةِ فَقَالَ» عَلَى اَلصَّغِيرِ وَ اَلْكَبِيرِ وَ اَلْحُرِّ وَ اَلْعَبْدِ عَنْ كُلِّ إِنْسَانٍ صَاعٌ مِنْ حِنْطَةٍ أَوْ صَاعٌ مِنْ تَمْرٍ أَوْ صَاعٌ مِنْ زَبِيبٍ«.

And from him, from several of our companions, from Ahmad ibn Muhammad, from Ibn Abi Najran and Ali ibn al-Hakam, from Safwan al-Jammal, who said: I (narrator) asked Abu Abdillah (a.s), peace be upon him, about ‘(zakat) al-fitrah.’ Imam (a.s) said: “It is upon the young and the old, the free and the slave, on behalf of every person, one sa’ of wheat, or one sa’ of dates, or one sa’ of raisins.”

وَعَنْهُ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ يَحْيَى عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ يَحْيَى رَفَعَهُ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ:» يُؤَدِّي اَلرَّجُلُ زَكَاتَهُ عَنْ مُكَاتَبِهِ وَ رَقِيقِ اِمْرَأَتِهِ وَعَبْدِهِ اَلنَّصْرَانِيِّ وَاَلْمَجُوسِيِّ وَ مَا أَغْلَقَ عَلَيْهِ بَابَهُ«.

And from him, from Muhammad ibn Yahya, from Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Yahya, raising it to Abu Abdillah (a.s), peace be upon him, who said: Imam (a.s) said: “A man pays his zakat on behalf of his contracted slave (mukatab), the slaves of his wife, his Christian slave, his Magian slave, and whatever his door has closed upon.”

وَ عَنْهُ عَنْ عِدَّةٍ مِنْ أَصْحَابِنَا عَنْ سَهْلِ بْنِ زِيَادٍ عَنِ اَلْحَسَنِ بْنِ مَحْبُوبٍ عَنْ عُمَرَ بْنِ يَزِيدَ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنِ اَلرَّجُلِ يَكُونُ عِنْدَهُ اَلضَّيْفُ مِنْ إِخْوَانِهِ فَيَحْضُرُ يَوْمُ اَلْفِطْرِ يُؤَدِّي عَنْهُ اَلْفِطْرَةَ قَالَ» نَعَمْ اَلْفِطْرَةُ وَاجِبَةٌ عَلَى كُلِّ مَنْ يَعُولُ مِنْ ذَكَرٍ أَوْ أُنْثَى صَغِيرٍ أَوْ كَبِيرٍ حُرٍّ أَوْ مَمْلُوكٍ«.

And from him, from several of our companions, from Sahl ibn Ziyad, from al-Hasan ibn Mahbub, from Umar ibn Yazid, who said: I (narrator) asked Abu Abdillah (a.s), peace be upon him, about ‘a man who has a guest from among his brothers staying with him, and the day of al-Fitr arrives, does he pay al-fitrah on his behalf?’ Imam (a.s) said: “Yes. Al-fitrah is obligatory upon everyone whom he maintains, whether male or female, young or old, free or owned.”

والمولود إذا ولد ليلة الفطرة لا يجب إخراج الفطرة عنه، وكذلك من أسلم ليلة الفطر لا يلزمه إخراج الفطرة حسب ما ذكرناه روى ذلك:

And the newborn, if he is born on the night of al-fitrah, it is not obligatory to pay al-fitrah on his behalf. Likewise, whoever becomes Muslim on the night of al-Fitr is not required to pay al-fitrah, according to what we have mentioned. This was narrated by (in the following hadith):

مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ يَحْيَى عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ اَلْحُسَيْنِ عَنِ اِبْنِ أَبِي عُمَيْرٍ عَنْ مُعَاوِيَةَ بْنِ عَمَّارٍ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنْ مَوْلُودٍ وُلِدَ لَيْلَةَ اَلْفِطْرِ عَلَيْهِ فِطْرَةٌ قَالَ» لاَ قَدْ خَرَجَ اَلشَّهْرُ« وَ سَأَلْتُهُ عَنْ يَهُودِيٍّ أَسْلَمَ لَيْلَةَ اَلْفِطْرِ عَلَيْهِ فِطْرَةٌ قَالَ» لاَ«.

Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Yahya, from Muhammad ibn al-Husayn, Ibn Abi Umayr, Muawiyah ibn Ammar: I (narrator) asked Abu Abdillah (a.s), peace be upon him, about ‘a newborn who was born on the night of al-Fitr, Is al-fitrah due upon him?’ Imam (a.s) said: “No, the month has already ended.” And I (narrator) asked Imam (a.s) about ‘a Jew who accepted Islam on the night of al-Fitr, Is al-fitrah due upon him?’ Imam (a.s) said: “No.”

وَ قَدْ رُوِيَ:» أَنَّهُ إِنْ وُلِدَ قَبْلَ اَلزَّوَالِ تُخْرَجُ عَنْهُ اَلْفِطْرَةُ وَ كَذَلِكَ مَنْ أَسْلَمَ قَبْلَ اَلزَّوَالِ«.

And it has been narrated: “That if a baby is born before midday (of al-Fitr), al-fitrah is to be taken out on his behalf, and likewise one who accepts Islam before midday.”

محمول على الاستحباب دون الفرض والايجاب، فأما الذي يدل على ان الفقير والمحتاج لا زكاة عليه على طريق الفرض.

And that is to be understood as recommendation, not as an obligation and compulsion. As for that which indicates that there is no zakat upon the poor and the needy by way of obligation.

مَا رَوَاهُ اَلْحُسَيْنُ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ عَنْ صَفْوَانَ عَنِ إِسْحَاقَ بْنِ اَلْمُبَارَكِ قَالَ: قُلْتُ لِأَبِي إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَلَى اَلرَّجُلِ اَلْمُحْتَاجِ زَكَاةُ اَلْفِطْرَةِ فَقَالَ» لَيْسَ عَلَيْهِ فِطْرَةٌ«.

What al-Husayn ibn Said narrated from Safwan, from Ishaq ibn al-Mubarak, who said: I (narrator) said to Abu Ibrahim (a.s): “Is zakat al-fitrah due upon a needy man?” Imam (a.s) said: “There is no fitrah upon him.”

وَ عَنْهُ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ سِنَانٍ عَنِ اِبْنِ مُسْكَانَ عَنْ يَزِيدَ بْنِ فَرْقَدٍ قَالَ: قُلْتُ لِأَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَلَى اَلْمُحْتَاجِ صَدَقَةُ اَلْفِطْرَةِ فَقَالَ» لاَ«.

And from him, from Muhammad ibn Sinan, from Ibn Muskan, from Yazid ibn Farqad, who said: I (narrator) said to Abu Abdillah (a.s), peace be upon him: “Is sadaqat al-fitrah due upon the needy person?” Imam (a.s) said: “No.”

وَ عَنْهُ عَنِ اِبْنِ أَبِي عُمَيْرٍ عَنْ حَمَّادٍ عَنِ اَلْحَلَبِيِّ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: سُئِلَ عَنْ رَجُلٍ يَأْخُذُ مِنَ اَلزَّكَاةِ عَلَيْهِ صَدَقَةُ اَلْفِطْرَةِ قَالَ» لاَ«.

And from him, from Ibn Abi Umayr, from Hammad, from al-Halabi, from Abu Abdillah (a.s), peace be upon him, who said: Imam (a.s) was asked about ‘a man who takes from zakat, Is sadaqat al-fitrah due upon him?’ Imam (a.s) said: “No.”

عَلِيُّ بْنُ مَهْزِيَارَ عَنْ إِسْمَاعِيلَ بْنِ سَهْلٍ عَنْ حَمَّادٍ عَنْ حَرِيزٍ عَنْ يَزِيدَ بْنِ فَرْقَدٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ أَنَّهُ سَمِعَهُ يَقُولُ:» مَنْ أَخَذَ مِنَ اَلزَّكَاةِ فَلَيْسَ عَلَيْهِ فِطْرَةٌ«. قَالَ وَ قَالَ اِبْنُ عَمَّارٍ إِنَّ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ:» لاَ فِطْرَةَ عَلَى مَنْ أَخَذَ اَلزَّكَاةَ«.

Ali ibn Mahziyar, from Ismail ibn Sahl, from Hammad, from Hariz, from Yazid ibn Farqad, from Abu Abdillah (a.s), peace be upon him: He (narrator) heard Imam (a.s) saying: “Whoever takes from zakat, there is no fitrah upon him.” He (narrator) said that Ibn Ammar said: “Indeed Abu Abdillah (a.s), peace be upon him, said: ‘There is no fitrah upon one who has taken zakat.’”

وَ عَنْهُ عَنْ إِسْمَاعِيلَ بْنِ سَهْلٍ عَنْ حَمَّادٍ عَنْ حَرِيزٍ عَنِ اَلْفُضَيْلِ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: قُلْتُ لَهُ لِمَنْ تَحِلُّ اَلْفِطْرَةُ قَالَ» لِمَنْ لاَ يَجِدُ وَ مَنْ حَلَّتْ لَهُ لَمْ تَحِلَّ عَلَيْهِ وَ مَنْ حَلَّتْ عَلَيْهِ لَمْ تَحِلَّ لَهُ«.

And from him, from Ismail ibn Sahl, from Hammad, from Hariz, from al-Fudayl, from Abu Abdillah (a.s), said: I (narrator) said to Imam (a.s): “For whom is al-fitrah lawful?” Imam (a.s) said: “For the one who does not possess enough (poor/needy person). And whoever it is lawful for (to receive zakat al-fitrah), it is not lawful upon him (not obligatory for him to pay it); And whoever it is lawful upon (person upon whom zakat al-fitrah is obligatory), it is not lawful for him (not allowed to receive it).”

وَ بِهَذَا اَلْإِسْنَادِ عَنِ اَلْفُضَيْلِ بْنِ يَسَارٍ قَالَ: قُلْتُ لِأَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ أَ عَلَى مَنْ قَبِلَ اَلزَّكَاةَ زَكَاةٌ فَقَالَ» أَمَّا مَنْ قَبِلَ زَكَاةَ اَلْمَالِ فَإِنَّ عَلَيْهِ زَكَاةَ اَلْفِطْرَةِ وَ لَيْسَ عَلَيْهِ لِمَا قَبِلَهُ زَكَاةٌ وَ لَيْسَ عَلَى مَنْ يَقْبَلُ اَلْفِطْرَةَ فِطْرَةٌ«.

And by this chain of transmission, from al-Fudayl ibn Yasar, who said: I said to Abu Abdillah (a.s), peace be upon him: “Is zakat due upon one who has accepted zakat?” Imam (a.s) said: “As for one who has accepted the zakat of wealth, then zakat al-fitrah is due upon him, but no zakat is due upon him for what he has accepted. And there is no fitrah upon one who accepts al-fitrah.”

سعد بن عبد الله عن ابي جعفر عن الحسين بن سعيد عن صفوان بن يحيى عن إسحاق بن عمار قال: قلت لابي ابراهيم عليه السلام على الرجل المحتاج زكاة الفطرة؟ قال: ليس عليه فطرة

Sa’ad ibn Abdullah, from Abu Jafar, from al-Husayn ibn Said, from Safwan ibn Yahya, from Ishaq ibn Ammar: I said to Abu Ibrahim (a.s), peace be upon him: “Is zakat al-fitrah due upon a needy man?” Imam (a.s) said: There is no fitrah upon him.

وَ عَنْهُ عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ اَلْحَكَمِ عَنْ أَبَانِ بْنِ عُثْمَانَ عَنْ يَزِيدَ بْنِ فَرْقَدٍ اَلنَّهْدِيِّ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنْ رَجُلٍ يَقْبَلُ اَلزَّكَاةَ هَلْ عَلَيْهِ صَدَقَةُ اَلْفِطْرَةِ قَالَ» لاَ«.

And from him, from Abu Jafar, from Ali ibn al-Hakam, from Aban ibn Uthman, from Yazid ibn Farqad al-Nahdi, who said: I asked Abu Abdillah (a.s), peace be upon him, about ‘a man who accepts zakat, Is sadaqat al-fitrah due upon him?’ Imam (a.s) said: “No.”

عَلِيُّ بْنُ اَلْحَسَنِ بْنِ فَضَّالٍ عَنْ إِبْرَاهِيمَ بْنِ هَاشِمٍ عَنْ حَمَّادٍ عَنْ حَرِيزٍ عَنْ زُرَارَةَ قَالَ: قُلْتُ لَهُ هَلْ عَلَى مَنْ قَبِلَ اَلزَّكَاةَ زَكَاةٌ فَقَالَ» أَمَّا مَنْ قَبِلَ زَكَاةَ اَلْمَالِ فَإِنَّ عَلَيْهِ زَكَاةَ اَلْفِطْرَةِ وَ لَيْسَ عَلَى مَنْ قَبِلَ اَلْفِطْرَةَ فِطْرَةٌ«.

Ali ibn al-Hasan ibn Faddal, from Ibrahim ibn Hashim, from Hammad, from Hariz, from Zurarah, who said: I (narrator) said to Imam (a.s): “Is zakat due upon one who has accepted zakat?” Imam (a.s) said: “As for one who has accepted the zakat of wealth, then zakat al-fitrah is due upon him, and there is no fitrah upon one who has accepted al-fitrah.”

فهذه الاخبار كلها دالة على ان المحتاج ومن ليس بذي مال لا تجب عليه الفطرة، وكلما ورد في انه تجب عليه الفطرة فانما ورد على طريق الندب والاستحباب دون الفرض والايجاب. فما روي في ذلك ما رواه:

All of these reports indicate that the needy person and the one who does not possess wealth are not obligated to pay al-fitrah. And everything that has been transmitted stating that al-fitrah is obligatory upon him has only been transmitted by way of recommendation and desirability, not by way of obligation and compulsion. As for what was narrated concerning that, it is what was narrated (in the following hadith):

مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عِيسَى عَنْ يُونُسَ عَنْ عُمَرَ بْنِ أُذَيْنَةَ عَنْ زُرَارَةَ قَالَ: قُلْتُ لِأَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ اَلْفَقِيرُ اَلَّذِي يُتَصَدَّقُ عَلَيْهِ هَلْ تَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ صَدَقَةُ اَلْفِطْرَةِ قَالَ» نَعَمْ يُعْطِي مِمَّا يُتَصَدَّقُ بِهِ عَلَيْهِ«.

Muhammad ibn Yaqub, from Ali ibn Ibrahim, from Muhammad ibn Isa, from Yunus, from Umar ibn Udhaynah, from Zurarah, who said: I (narrator) said to Abu Abdillah (a.s), peace be upon him: “The poor person upon whom charity is given, is sadaqat al-fitrah obligatory upon him?” Imam (a.s) said: “Yes, he gives from what is given to him in charity.”

وَعَنْهُ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ يَحْيَى عَنْ عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ اَلْحَكَمِ عَنْ دَاوُدَ بْنِ اَلنُّعْمَانِ وَسَيْفِ بْنِ عَمِيرَةَ عَنْ إِسْحَاقَ بْنِ عَمَّارٍ قَالَ: قُلْتُ لِأَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ اَلرَّجُلُ لاَ يَكُونُ عِنْدَهُ شَيْءٌ مِنَ اَلْفِطْرَةِ إِلاَّ مَا يُؤَدِّي عَنْ نَفْسِهِ مِنَ اَلْفِطْرَةِ وَحْدَهَا يُعْطِيهِ غَرِيباً أَوْ يَأْكُلُ هُوَ وَ عِيَالُهُ فَقَالَ» يُعْطِي بَعْضَ عِيَالِهِ ثُمَّ يُعْطِي اَلْآخَرُ عَنْ نَفْسِهِ يُرَدِّدُونَهَا فَتَكُونُ عَنْهُمْ جَمِيعاً فِطْرَةٌ وَاحِدَةٌ«.

And from him, from Muhammad ibn Yahya, from Abdullah ibn Muhammad, from Ali ibn al-Hakam, from Dawud ibn al-Numan and Sayf ibn Amirah, from Ishaq ibn Ammar, who said: I (narrator) said to Abu Abdillah (a.s), peace be upon him: “A man does not have anything of al-fitrah except what he would pay on behalf of himself alone from al-fitrah; should he give it to a stranger, or should he and his dependents eat it?” Imam (a.s) said: “He gives it to some of his dependents, then the other gives it on behalf of himself. They pass it around among themselves, and it becomes one fitrah on behalf of all of them.”

اَلْحُسَيْنُ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ عَنِ اِبْنِ أَبِي عُمَيْرٍ عَنْ حَمَّادٍ عَنِ اَلْحَلَبِيِّ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ:» صَدَقَةُ اَلْفِطْرَةِ عَلَى كُلِّ رَأْسٍ مِنْ أَهْلِكَ اَلصَّغِيرِ وَاَلْكَبِيرِ وَاَلْحُرِّ وَاَلْمَمْلُوكِ وَاَلْغَنِيِّ وَاَلْفَقِيرِ عَنْ كُلِّ إِنْسَانٍ نِصْفُ صَاعٍ مِنْ حِنْطَةٍ أَوْ شَعِيرٍ أَوْ صَاعٌ مِنْ تَمْرٍ أَوْ زَبِيبٍ لِفُقَرَاءِ اَلْمُسْلِمِينَ« وَ قَالَ» اَلتَّمْرُ أَحَبُّ ذَلِكَ إِلَيَّ«.

Al-Husayn ibn Said, from Ibn Abi Umayr, from Hammad, from al-Halabi, from Abu Abdillah (a.s), who said: Imam (a.s) said: “Sadaqat al-fitrah is upon every head from your household, the young and the old, the free and the owned, the rich and the poor; on behalf of every person, half a sa’ of wheat or barley, or one sa’ of dates or raisins, for the poor of the Muslims.” And Imam (a.s) said: “Dates are the most beloved of that to me.”

والذي يدل على ما تأولنا عليه هذه الاحاديث من ان المراد بها الندب دون الايجاب.

And that which indicates what we have interpreted these hadiths to mean, namely that what is intended by them is recommendation, not obligation.

مَا رَوَاهُ اَلْحُسَيْنُ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ عَنْ حَمَّادٍ عَنْ عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ بْنِ مَيْمُونٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَلَيْهِمَا اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ:» زَكَاةُ اَلْفِطْرَةِ صَاعٌ مِنْ تَمْرٍ أَوْ صَاعٌ مِنْ زَبِيبٍ أَوْ صَاعٌ مِنْ شَعِيرٍ أَوْ صَاعٌ مِنَ اَلْأَقِطِ عَنْ كُلِّ إِنْسَانٍ حُرٍّ أَوْ عَبْدٍ صَغِيرٍ أَوْ كَبِيرٍ وَ لَيْسَ عَلَى مَنْ لاَ يَجِدُ مَا يَتَصَدَّقُ بِهِ حَرَجٌ«.

What al-Husayn ibn Said narrated from Hammad, from Abdullah ibn Maymun, from Abu Abdillah Imam Ja’far (a.s) from his father, Imam al-Baqir (a.s), peace be upon them both: Imams (a.s) said: “Zakat al-fitrah is one sa’ of dates, or one sa’ of raisins, or one sa’ of barley, or one sa’ of dried curd (aqit), on behalf of every person, free or slave, young or old. And there is no hardship upon one who does not find that with which he may give charity.”

فصرح في هذا الحديث بنفي الحرج على من لا يجده، ولو كان واجبا على كل حال لما ارتفع الحرج عنه بل كان يلحقه الذم والعقاب.

Thus, in this hadith, he explicitly stated the negation of hardship from the one who does not find it. And if it had been obligatory in every circumstance, the hardship would not have been removed from him; rather, blame and punishment would have attached to him.