Man Lā Yaḥḍuruh al-Faqīh

رَوَى عَاصِمُ بْنُ حُمَيْدٍ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ قَيْسٍ عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ ع قَالَ: "قَضَى أَمِيرُ اَلْمُؤْمِنِينَ فِي رَجُلٍ تُوُفِّيَ وَ أَوْصَى بِمَالِهِ كُلِّهِ أَوْ بِأَكْثَرِهِ فَقَالَ "إِنَّ اَلْوَصِيَّةَ تُرَدُّ إِلَى اَلْمَعْرُوفِ وَ يُتْرَكُ لِأَهْلِ اَلْمِيرَاثِ مِيرَاثُهُمْ" ".

Aṣim ibn Humayd narrated from Muhammad ibn Qays from Abu Jafar Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (a.s), who said: "The Commander of the Faithful (a.s) ruled regarding a man who passed away and had bequeathed all of his wealth or most of it. Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (a.s) said: 'The will is to be adjusted to what is customary, and the rightful inheritance must be left for the heirs.'"

وَ رَوَى اِبْنُ أَبِي عُمَيْرٍ عَنْ مُرَازِمٍ عَنْ عَمَّارٍ اَلسَّابَاطِيِّ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: "اَلْمَيِّتُ أَحَقُّ بِمَالِهِ مَا دَامَ فِيهِ اَلرُّوحُ يُبِينُ بِهِ" قَالَ "فَإِنْ تَعَدَّى فَلَيْسَ لَهُ إِلاَّ اَلثُّلُثُ".

Ibn Abi Umayr narrated from Murazim from Ammar Al-Sabaṭi from Abu Abdullah Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (a.s), who said: "The deceased has the most right over his wealth as long as his soul remains in him and he can express himself." Imam (a.s) then said: "But if he exceeds (in his bequest), he is entitled only to one-third."

وَ رَوَى هَارُونُ بْنُ مُسْلِمٍ عَنْ مَسْعَدَةَ بْنِ صَدَقَةَ اَلرَّبَعِيِّ عَنْ جَعْفَرِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: "أَنَّ رَجُلاً مِنَ اَلْأَنْصَارِ تُوُفِّيَ وَ لَهُ صِبْيَةٌ صِغَارٌ وَ لَهُ سِتَّةٌ مِنَ اَلرَّقِيقِ فَأَعْتَقَهُمْ عِنْدَ مَوْتِهِ وَ لَيْسَ لَهُ مَالٌ غَيْرُهُمْ فَأُتِيَ اَلنَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ فَأُخْبِرَ فَقَالَ "مَا صَنَعْتُمْ بِصَاحِبِكُمْ" قَالُوا دَفَنَّاهُ قَالَ "لَوْ عَلِمْتُ مَا دَفَنَّاهُ مَعَ أَهْلِ اَلْإِسْلاَمِ تَرَكَ وُلْدَهُ يَتَكَفَّفُونَ اَلنَّاسَ" ".

Harun ibn Muslim narrated from Masadah ibn Ṣadaqah Al-Rabii from Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (a.s) from his father, Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (a.s), who said: "A man from the Ansar passed away, leaving behind young children. He had six slaves and no wealth other than them. At the time of his death, he freed all of them. When the Prophet (peace be upon him and his family) was informed of this, He (saws) said: 'What did you do with your companion?' They replied: 'We buried him.' Prophet (saws) said: 'Had I known before, I would not have allowed him to be buried among the Muslims. He (the deceased) left his children to beg from the people.'"

وَ رَوَى مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَبِي عُمَيْرٍ عَنْ مُعَاوِيَةَ بْنِ عَمَّارٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: "كَانَ اَلْبَرَاءُ بْنُ مَعْرُورٍ اَلْأَنْصَارِيُّ بِالْمَدِينَةِ وَ كَانَ رَسُولُ اَللَّهِ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ بِمَكَّةَ وَ إِنَّهُ حَضَرَهُ اَلْمَوْتُ وَ كَانَ رَسُولُ اَللَّهِ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ وَ اَلْمُسْلِمُونَ يُصَلُّونَ إِلَى بَيْتِ اَلْمَقْدِسِ فَأَوْصَى اَلْبَرَاءُ بْنُ مَعْرُورٍ أَنْ يُجْعَلَ وَجْهُهُ إِلَى تِلْقَاءِ اَلنَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ إِلَى اَلْقِبْلَةِ وَ أَوْصَى بِثُلُثِ مَالِهِ فَجَرَتْ بِهِ اَلسُّنَّةُ".

Muhammad ibn Abi Umayr narrated from Muawiyah ibn Ammar from Abu Abdullah Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (a.s), who said: "Al-Bara' ibn Marur Al-Ansari was in Medina while the Messenger of Allah (swt) (peace be upon him and his family) was in Mecca. When death approached him (Al-Bara'), and while the Messenger of Allah (swt) (peace be upon him and his family) and the Muslims were still praying towards Bayt Al-Maqdis (Jerusalem), Al-Bara' ibn Marur instructed that his face be turned towards the direction of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his family), towards the Kabah. He also bequeathed one-third of his wealth. Thus, this practice became a Sunnah (established tradition)."

وَ رُوِيَ عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عِيسَى عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ إِسْحَاقَ: أَنَّهُ كَتَبَ إِلَى أَبِي اَلْحَسَنِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ أَنَّ دُرَّةَ بِنْتَ مُقَاتِلٍ تُوُفِّيَتْ وَ تَرَكَتْ ضَيْعَةً أَشْقَاصاً فِي مَوْضِعِ كَذَا وَ أَوْصَتْ لِسَيِّدِنَا فِي أَشْقَاصِهَا بِأَكْثَرَ مِنَ اَلثُّلُثِ وَ نَحْنُ أَوْصِيَاؤُهَا فَأَحْبَبْنَا إِنْهَاءَ ذَلِكَ إِلَى سَيِّدِنَا فَإِنْ أَمَرَنَا بِإِمْضَاءِ اَلْوَصِيَّةِ عَلَى وَجْهِهَا أَمْضَيْنَاهَا وَ إِنْ أَمَرَنَا بِغَيْرِ ذَلِكَ اِنْتَهَيْنَا إِلَى أَمْرِهِ فِي جَمِيعِ مَا يَأْمُرُنَا بِهِ إِنْ شَاءَ اَللَّهُ تَعَالَى فَكَتَبَ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ بِخَطِّهِ "لَيْسَ يَجِبُ لَهَا فِي تَرِكَتِهَا إِلاَّ اَلثُّلُثُ فَإِنْ تَفَضَّلْتُمْ وَ كُنْتُمُ اَلْوَرَثَةَ كَانَ جَائِزاً لَكُمْ إِنْ شَاءَ اَللَّهُ".

It is narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Isa from Ahmad ibn Ishaq that he wrote to Abu Al-Hasan (a.s), informing him: "Durrah bint Muqatil has passed away and left behind an estate consisting of portions in a certain place. She bequeathed more than one-third of her estate to our master, and we are her executors. We wished to inform our master about this matter. If you command us to carry out the will as it is, we will do so. But if you command otherwise, we will adhere to your instruction in all that you command us, God willing." So Abu Al-Hasan (a.s) replied in his own handwriting: "She is entitled to only one-third of her estate. However, if you, as the heirs, choose to be generous, it is permissible for you, God willing."

وَ رَوَى صَفْوَانُ عَنْ مُرَازِمٍ عَنْ بَعْضِ أَصْحَابِنَا: فِي اَلرَّجُلِ يُعْطِي اَلشَّيْءَ مِنْ مَالِهِ فِي مَرَضِهِ قَالَ "إِذَا أَبَانَ بِهِ فَهُوَ جَائِزٌ وَ إِنْ أَوْصَى بِهِ فَمِنَ اَلثُّلُثِ".

Ṣafwan narrated from Murazim from some of our companions regarding a man who gives something from his wealth during his illness. Imam (a.s) said: "If he gives it explicitly (clearly handing it over), then it is valid. But if he bequeaths it (without handing it over), then it must be from one-third of his estate."