Man Lā Yaḥḍuruh al-Faqīh

رَوَى مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَبِي عُمَيْرٍ عَنْ هِشَامِ بْنِ سَالِمٍ عَنْ سُلَيْمَانَ بْنِ خَالِدٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ كَانَ أَمِيرُ اَلْمُؤْمِنِينَ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ يَقُولُ: فِي اَلرَّجُلِ اَلْحُرِّ يَمُوتُ وَ لَهُ أُمٌّ مَمْلُوكَةٌ قَالَ "تُشْتَرَى مِنْ مَالِ اِبْنِهَا ثُمَّ تُعْتَقُ ثُمَّ يُوَرَّثُ".

Abu Abdullah Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (a.s) said that Commander of the Faithful (a.s) used to say regarding a free man who dies while his mother is a slave: "She should be purchased from the wealth of her son, then freed, and then she will inherit from him."

وَ رَوَى حَنَانُ بْنُ سَدِيرٍ عَنِ اِبْنِ أَبِي يَعْفُورٍ عَنْ إِسْحَاقَ بْنِ عَمَّارٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: "مَاتَ مَوْلًى لِعَلِيٍّ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ فَقَالَ "اُنْظُرُوا هَلْ تَجِدُونَ لَهُ وَارِثاً" فَقِيلَ لَهُ إِنَّ لَهُ اِبْنَتَيْنِ بِالْيَمَامَةِ مَمْلُوكَتَيْنِ فَاشْتَرَاهُمَا مِنْ مَالِ اَلْمَيِّتِ ثُمَّ دَفَعَ إِلَيْهِمَا بَقِيَّةَ اَلْمِيرَاثِ".

Hanan ibn Sadir narrated from Ibn Abi Yafur from Ishaq ibn Ammar from Abu Abdullah Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (a.s) who said: "A servant of Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (a.s) passed away. Imam Ali (a.s) said: 'Look and see if he has any heirs.' It was said to Him (a.s): 'He has two daughters in Yamamah who are enslaved.' So, Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (a.s) purchased them using the deceased's wealth and then gave them the remainder of the inheritance."

وَ رَوَى مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَبِي عُمَيْرٍ عَنْ جَمِيلٍ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنِ اَلرَّجُلِ يَمُوتُ وَ يَتْرُكُ اِبْناً مَمْلُوكاً قَالَ "يُشْتَرَى اِبْنُهُ مِنْ مَالِهِ فَيُعْتَقُ وَ يُوَرَّثُ مَا بَقِيَ".

Muhammad ibn Abi Umayr narrated from Jameel who said: I asked Abu Abdullah Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (a.s) about a man who dies and leaves behind a son who is enslaved. Imam (a.s) said: "His son should be purchased from his wealth, then freed, and he will inherit whatever remains."

وَ فِي رِوَايَةِ اِبْنِ مُسْكَانَ عَنْ سُلَيْمَانَ بْنِ خَالِدٍ قَالَ قَالَ أَبُو عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: "كَانَ عَلِيٌّ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ إِذَا مَاتَ اَلرَّجُلُ وَ لَهُ اِمْرَأَةٌ مَمْلُوكَةٌ اِشْتَرَاهَا مِنْ مَالِهِ فَأَعْتَقَهَا ثُمَّ وَرَّثَهَا".

In the narration of Ibn Muskan from Sulayman ibn Khalid, Abu Abdullah (a.s) said: "When a man died and had a slave woman as his wife, Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (a.s) would purchase her from his wealth, free her, and then grant her inheritance."

وَ رَوَى عَبْدُ اَللَّهِ بْنُ اَلْمُغِيرَةِ عَنْ عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ بْنِ سِنَانٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: "قَضَى أَمِيرُ اَلْمُؤْمِنِينَ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ فِيمَنِ اِدَّعَى عَبْدَ إِنْسَانٍ وَ زَعَمَ أَنَّهُ اِبْنُهُ أَنَّهُ يُعْتَقُ مِنْ مَالِ اَلَّذِي اِدَّعَاهُ فَإِنْ تُوُفِّيَ اَلْمُدَّعِي وَ قُسِمَ مَالُهُ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُعْتَقَ اَلْعَبْدُ فَقَدْ سَبَقَهُ اَلْمَالُ وَ إِنْ أُعْتِقَ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُقْسَمَ مَالُهُ فَلَهُ نَصِيبُهُ مِنْهُ".

Abdullah ibn Al-Mughirah narrated from Abdullah ibn Sinan from Abu Abdullah Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (a.s) who said: "The Commander of the Faithful (a.s) ruled regarding a man who claimed that a slave belonged to him and asserted that he was his son. Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (a.s) ruled that the slave should be freed from the wealth of the one who made the claim. If the claimant died and his wealth was divided before the slave was freed, then the inheritance had already preceded him. However, if the slave was freed before the division of the wealth, then he is entitled to his share of the inheritance."

وَ رَوَى اَلْحَسَنُ بْنُ مَحْبُوبٍ عَنْ وَهْبِ بْنِ عَبْدِ رَبِّهِ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُهُ عَنْ رَجُلٍ كَانَتْ لَهُ أُمُّ وَلَدٍ فَمَاتَ وَلَدُهَا مِنْهُ فَزَوَّجَهَا مِنْ رَجُلٍ فَأَوْلَدَهَا ثُمَّ إِنَّ اَلرَّجُلَ مَاتَ فَرَجَعَتْ إِلَى سَيِّدِهَا فَلَهُ أَنْ يَطَأَهَا قَبْلَ أَنْ يَتَزَوَّجَ بِهَا قَالَ "لاَ يَطَؤُهَا حَتَّى تَعْتَدَّ مِنَ اَلزَّوْجِ اَلْمَيِّتِ أَرْبَعَةَ أَشْهُرٍ وَ عَشَرَةَ أَيَّامٍ ثُمَّ يَطَؤُهَا بِالْمِلْكِ مِنْ غَيْرِ نِكَاحٍ" قُلْتُ فَوَلَدُهَا مِنَ اَلزَّوْجِ قَالَ "إِنْ كَانَ تَرَكَ مَالاً اُشْتُرِيَ مِنْهُ بِالْقِيمَةِ فَأُعْتِقَ وَ وُرِّثَ " قُلْتُ فَإِنْ لَمْ يَدَعْ مَالاً قَالَ "فَهُوَ مَعَ أُمِّهِ كَهَيْأَتِهَا".

Al-Hasan ibn Mahbub narrated from Wahb ibn Abd Rabbih from Abu Abdullah Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (a.s) who said: I asked him about a man who had a slave woman (umm walad) and her child from him died. He then married her to another man, and she bore him a child. Later, that man died, and she returned to her original master. I asked: "Does he have the right to be intimate with her before marrying her?" Imam (a.s) said: "He cannot be intimate with her until she completes the waiting period (iddah) for the deceased husband, which is four months and ten days. After that, he may be intimate with her through ownership without marriage." I asked: "What about her child from the husband?" Imam (a.s) said: "If the deceased husband left wealth, the child should be bought for its value and then freed, and the child would inherit. If he left no wealth, the child remains with its mother in the same condition."

قَالَ مُصَنِّفُ هَذَا الْكِتَابِ رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ جَاءَ هَذَا الْخَبَرُ هَكَذَا فَسُقْتُهُ لِقُوَّةِ إِسْنَادِهِ وَ الْأَصْلُ عِنْدَنَا أَنَّهُ إِذَا كَانَ أَحَدُ الْأَبَوَيْنِ حُرّاً فَالْوَلَدُ حُرٌّ وَ قَدْ يَصْدُرُ عَنِ الْإِمَامِ ع بِلَفْظِ الْإِخْبَارِ مَا يَكُونُ مَعْنَاهُ الْإِنْكَارَ وَ الْحِكَايَةَ عَنْ قَائِلِيهِ.

The author of this book, may Allah (swt) have mercy on him, said: This narration has been transmitted as it is due to the strength of its chain. However, our foundational belief is that if one of the parents is free, then the child is also free. Sometimes an Imam (a.s) may narrate something in the form of reporting while actually intending to reject it or to relate it as the opinion of others.

وَ رَوَى اَلْحَسَنُ بْنُ مَحْبُوبٍ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ رِئَابٍ قَالَ قَالَ أَبُو عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: "اَلْعَبْدُ لاَ يُوَرَّثُ وَ اَلطَّلِيقُ لاَ يُوَرَّثُ".

Al-Hasan ibn Mahbub narrated from Ali ibn Ri'ab who said that Abu Abdullah Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (a.s) said: "A slave does not inherit, and a divorced person does not inherit."

وَ رَوَى مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْمَاعِيلَ بْنِ بَزِيعٍ عَنْ مَنْصُورِ بْنِ يُونُسَ بُزُرْجَ عَنْ جَمِيلِ بْنِ دَرَّاجٍ قَالَ سَمِعْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ يَقُولُ: "لاَ يَتَوَارَثُ اَلْحُرُّ وَ اَلْمَمْلُوكُ".

Muhammad ibn Isma'il ibn Bazi' narrated from Mansur ibn Yunus Buzurj from Jameel ibn Darraj who said: I heard Abu Abdullah (a.s) say: "A free person and a slave do not inherit from one another."

وَ رَوَى عَلِيُّ بْنُ مَهْزِيَارَ عَنْ فَضَالَةَ عَنْ أَبَانٍ عَنِ اَلْفَضْلِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اَلْمَلِكِ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنِ اَلْمَمْلُوكِ وَ اَلْمَمْلُوكَةِ هَلْ يَحْجُبَانِ إِذَا لَمْ يَرِثَا قَالَ "لاَ".

Ali ibn Mahziyar narrated from Fadalah from Aban from Al-Fadl ibn Abd Al-Malik who said: I asked Abu Abdullah Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (a.s) about a male and female slave - do they prevent others from inheriting if they themselves do not inherit? Imam (a.s) replied: "No."