Man Lā Yaḥḍuruh al-Faqīh

لَا يَتَوَارَثُ أَهْلُ مِلَّتَيْنِ‌ وَ الْمُسْلِمُ يَرِثُ الْكَافِرَ وَ الْكَافِرُ لَا يَرِثُ الْمُسْلِمَ وَ ذَلِكَ أَنَّ أَصْلَ الْحُكْمِ فِي أَمْوَالِ الْمُشْرِكِينَ أَنَّهَا فَيْ‌ءٌ لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ وَ أَنَّ الْمُسْلِمِينَ أَحَقُّ بِهَا مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ وَ أَنَّ اللَّهَ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ إِنَّمَا حَرَّمَ عَلَى الْكُفَّارِ الْمِيرَاثَ عُقُوبَةً لَهُمْ بِكُفْرِهِمْ كَمَا حَرَّمَ عَلَى الْقَاتِلِ عُقُوبَةً لِقَتْلِهِ فَأَمَّا الْمُسْلِمُ فَلِأَيِّ جُرْمٍ وَ عُقُوبَةٍ يُحْرَمُ الْمِيرَاثَ وَ كَيْفَ صَارَ الْإِسْلَامُ يَزِيدُهُ شَرّاً مَعَ قَوْلِ النَّبِيِّ ص.

"People of two different religions do not inherit from one another. A Muslim inherits from a disbeliever, but a disbeliever does not inherit from a Muslim. This is because the fundamental ruling regarding the wealth of polytheists is that it becomes spoils (fay') for the Muslims, and Muslims have more right to it than the polytheists. Allah (swt), Mighty and Majestic, has forbidden inheritance for disbelievers as a punishment for their disbelief, just as it is forbidden for a murderer to inherit as a punishment for their crime, then for what sin or punishment should a Muslim be deprived of inheritance? How could Islam bring them harm when the Prophet (sw) said: 'Islam elevates and does not degrade'?"

5717 - مَعَ قَوْلِ اَلنَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ : " اَلْإِسْلاَمُ يَزِيدُ وَ لاَ يَنْقُصُ".

Hadith.5717 - With the statement of the Prophet (sw), peace and blessings be upon him and his family: "Islam increases and does not decrease."

5718 - وَ مَعَ قَوْلِهِ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ: "لاَ ضَرَرَ وَ لاَ إِضْرَارَ فِي اَلْإِسْلاَمِ ".

Hadith.5718 - With the statement of the Prophet (sw), peace and blessings be upon him and his family: "There is no harm and no reciprocation of harm in Islam."

5719 - وَ مَعَ قَوْلِهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: " اَلْإِسْلاَمُ يَعْلُو وَ لاَ يُعْلَى عَلَيْهِ".

Hadith.5719 - With the statement of the Him (as), peace be upon him and his family: "Islam prevails and is not prevailed over."

5720 - وَ رُوِيَ عَنْ أَبِي اَلْأَسْوَدِ اَلدُّؤَلِيِّ : أَنَّ مُعَاذَ بْنَ جَبَلٍ كَانَ بِالْيَمَنِ فَاجْتَمَعُوا إِلَيْهِ وَ قَالُوا يَهُودِيٌّ مَاتَ وَ تَرَكَ أَخاً مُسْلِماً فَقَالَ مُعَاذٌ سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اَللَّهِ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ يَقُولُ: " اَلْإِسْلاَمُ يَزِيدُ وَ لاَ يَنْقُصُ فَوَرَّثَ اَلْمُسْلِمَ مِنْ أَخِيهِ اَلْيَهُودِيِّ ".

Hadith.5720 - It was narrated from Abu Al-Aswad Al-Duʾali that Muadh ibn Jabal was in Yemen when people gathered around him and said: "A Jewish man has died and left behind a Muslim brother." Muadh said: "I heard the Messenger of Allah (swt) (peace be upon him and his family) say: 'Islam increases and does not diminish.'" Therefore, he allowed the Muslim to inherit from his Jewish brother.

5721 - وَ رَوَى مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ سِنَانٍ عَنْ عَبْدِ اَلرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ أَعْيَنَ عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ : فِي اَلنَّصْرَانِيِّ يَمُوتُ وَ لَهُ اِبْنٌ مُسْلِمٌ قَالَ "إِنَّ اَللَّهَ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ لَمْ يَزِدْنَا بِالْإِسْلاَمِ إِلاَّ عِزّاً فَنَحْنُ نَرِثُهُمْ وَ لاَ يَرِثُونَّا".

Hadith.5721 - Muhammad ibn Sinan narrated from Abdur Rahman ibn Aʿyan from Abu Jafar Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (as) regarding a Christian man who dies leaving behind a Muslim son. Imam (as) said: "Indeed, Allah (swt), the Mighty and Majestic, has only increased us in honor through Islam. Therefore, we inherit from them, but they do not inherit from us."

5722 - وَ رَوَى زُرْعَةُ عَنْ سَمَاعَةَ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ : سَأَلْتُهُ عَنِ اَلْمُسْلِمِ هَلْ يَرِثُ اَلْمُشْرِكَ فَقَالَ "نَعَمْ فَأَمَّا اَلْمُشْرِكُ فَلاَ يَرِثُ اَلْمُسْلِمَ ".

Hadith.5722 - Zurah narrated from Samaah from Abu Abdullah (as) who said: I asked Imam (as) whether a Muslim can inherit from a polytheist. Imam (as) replied: "Yes, but a polytheist does not inherit from a Muslim."

5723 - وَ رَوَى مُوسَى بْنُ بَكْرٍ عَنْ عَبْدِ اَلرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ أَعْيَنَ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ : "لاَ يَتَوَارَثُ أَهْلُ مِلَّتَيْنِ نَحْنُ نَرِثُهُمْ وَ لاَ يَرِثُونَّا فَإِنَّ اَللَّهَ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ لَمْ يَزِدْنَا، بِالْإِسْلاَمِ إِلاَّ عِزّاً".

Hadith.5723 - Musa ibn Bakr narrated from Abdur Rahman ibn Aʿyan from Abu Abdullah Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (as) who said: "People of two different religions do not inherit from one another. We inherit from them, but they do not inherit from us. Indeed, Allah (swt), the Mighty and Majestic, has only increased us in honor through Islam."

5724 - وَ رَوَى اَلْحَسَنُ بْنُ مَحْبُوبٍ عَنِ اَلْحَسَنِ بْنِ صَالِحٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ : " اَلْمُسْلِمُ يَحْجُبُ اَلْكَافِرَ وَ يَرِثُهُ وَ اَلْكَافِرُ لاَ يَحْجُبُ اَلْمُؤْمِنَ وَ لاَ يَرِثُهُ ".

Hadith.5724 - Al-Hasan ibn Mahbub narrated from Al-Hasan ibn Salih from Abu Abdullah Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (as) who said: "A Muslim prevents a disbeliever from inheriting and inherits from him, but a disbeliever neither prevents a believer from inheriting nor does he inherit from him."

5725 - وَ رَوَى اَلْحَسَنُ بْنُ مَحْبُوبٍ عَنْ أَبِي وَلاَّدٍ اَلْحَنَّاطِ قَالَ سَمِعْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ يَقُولُ : " اَلْمُسْلِمُ يَرِثُ اِمْرَأَتَهُ اَلذِّمِّيَّةَ وَ هِيَ لاَ تَرِثُهُ".

Hadith.5725 - Al-Hasan ibn Mahbub narrated from Abu Walad Al-Hannat who said: I heard Abu Abdullah (as) say: "A Muslim man inherits from his dhimmi (non-Muslim under Islamic protection) wife, but she does not inherit from him."

5726 - وَ رَوَى اَلْحَسَنُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ اَلْخَزَّازُ عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ عَائِذٍ عَنْ أَبِي خَدِيجَةَ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ : "لاَ يَرِثُ اَلْكَافِرُ اَلْمُسْلِمَ وَ لِلْمُسْلِمِ أَنْ يَرِثَ اَلْكَافِرَ إِلاَّ أَنْ يَكُونَ اَلْمُسْلِمُ قَدْ أَوْصَى لِلْكَافِرِ بِشَيْءٍ ".

Hadith.5726 - Al-Hasan ibn Ali Al-Khazzaz narrated from Ahmad ibn A'id from Abu Khadijah from Abu Abdullah Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (as) who said: "A disbeliever does not inherit from a Muslim, but a Muslim may inherit from a disbeliever - unless the Muslim has made a will (wasiyyah) bequeathing something to the disbeliever."

5727 - وَ رَوَى عَاصِمُ بْنُ حُمَيْدٍ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ قَيْسٍ قَالَ سَمِعْتُ أَبَا جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ يَقُولُ : "لاَ يَرِثُ اَلْيَهُودِيُّ وَ اَلنَّصْرَانِيُّ اَلْمُسْلِمِينَ وَ يَرِثُ اَلْمُسْلِمُونَ اَلْيَهُودِيَّ وَ اَلنَّصْرَانِيَّ ".

Hadith.5727 - Asim ibn Humaid narrated from Muhammad ibn Qays who said: I heard Abu Jafar Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (as) say: "A Jew and a Christian do not inherit from Muslims, but Muslims inherit from Jews and Christians."

5728 - وَ رَوَى اَلْحَسَنُ بْنُ مَحْبُوبٍ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ رِئَابٍ عَنْ أَبِي بَصِيرٍ قَالَ : سَأَلْتُ أَبَا جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنْ رَجُلٍ مُسْلِمٍ مَاتَ وَ لَهُ أُمٌّ نَصْرَانِيَّةٌ وَ لَهُ زَوْجَةٌ وَ وُلْدٌ مُسْلِمُونَ فَقَالَ "إِنْ أَسْلَمَتْ أُمُّهُ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُقْسَمَ مِيرَاثُهُ أُعْطِيَتِ اَلسُّدُسَ" قُلْتُ فَإِنْ لَمْ تَكُنْ لَهُ اِمْرَأَةٌ وَ لاَ وَلَدٌ وَ لاَ وَارِثٌ لَهُ سَهْمٌ فِي اَلْكِتَابِ مِنَ اَلْمُسْلِمِينَ وَ أُمُّهُ نَصْرَانِيَّةٌ وَ قَرَابَتُهُ نَصَارَى مِمَّنْ لَهُمْ سَهْمٌ فِي اَلْكِتَابِ لَوْ كَانُوا مُسْلِمِينَ لِمَنْ يَكُونُ مِيرَاثُهُ قَالَ "إِنْ أَسْلَمَتْ أُمُّهُ فَإِنَّ جَمِيعَ مِيرَاثِهِ لَهَا وَ إِنْ لَمْ تُسْلِمْ أُمُّهُ وَ أَسْلَمَ بَعْضُ قَرَابَتِهِ مِمَّنْ لَهُ سَهْمٌ فِي اَلْكِتَابِ فَإِنَّ مِيرَاثَهُ لَهُ وَ إِنْ لَمْ يُسْلِمْ مِنْ قَرَابَتِهِ أَحَدٌ فَإِنَّ مِيرَاثَهُ لِلْإِمَامِ".

Hadith.5728 - Al-Hasan ibn Mahbub narrated from Ali ibn Ri'ab from Abu Basir who said: I asked Abu Jafar Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (as) about a Muslim man who died and had a Christian mother, along with a Muslim wife and Muslim children. Imam (as) said: "If his mother accepts Islam before the inheritance is divided, she is given one-sixth." I asked: "What if he has no wife, no children, and no heir entitled to a share in the Book from among the Muslims, and his mother is Christian, and his relatives are Christians who would have a share in the Book if they were Muslim - who inherits his wealth?" Imam (as) said: "If his mother embraces Islam, then all of his inheritance belongs to her. But if his mother does not embrace Islam and some of his relatives who have a rightful share in the Book accept Islam, the inheritance goes to them. If none of his relatives become Muslim, then his inheritance belongs to the Imam."

5729 - وَ رَوَى اَلْحَسَنُ بْنُ مَحْبُوبٍ عَنْ هِشَامِ بْنِ سَالِمٍ عَنْ عَبْدِ اَلْمَلِكِ بْنِ أَعْيَنَ أَوْ مَالِكِ بْنِ أَعْيَنَ عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ : سَأَلْتُهُ عَنْ نَصْرَانِيٍّ مَاتَ وَ لَهُ اِبْنُ أَخٍ مُسْلِمٌ وَ اِبْنُ أُخْتٍ مُسْلِمٌ وَ لِلنَّصْرَانِيِّ أَوْلاَدٌ وَ زَوْجَةٌ نَصَارَى فَقَالَ "أَرَى أَنْ يُعْطَى اِبْنُ أَخِيهِ اَلْمُسْلِمُ ثُلُثَيْ مَا تَرَكَ وَ يُعْطَى اِبْنُ أُخْتِهِ اَلْمُسْلِمُ ثُلُثَ مَا تَرَكَ إِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ وُلْدٌ صِغَارٌ فَإِنْ كَانَ لَهُ وُلْدٌ صِغَارٌ فَإِنَّ عَلَى اَلْوَارِثَيْنِ أَنْ يُنْفِقَا عَلَى اَلصِّغَارِ مِمَّا وَرِثَا عَنْ أَبِيهِمْ حَتَّى يُدْرِكُوا" قِيلَ لَهُ كَيْفَ يُنْفِقَانِ عَلَى اَلصِّغَارِ فَقَالَ "يُخْرِجُ وَارِثُ اَلثُّلُثَيْنِ ثُلُثَيِ اَلنَّفَقَةِ وَ يُخْرِجُ وَارِثُ اَلثُّلُثِ ثُلُثَ اَلنَّفَقَةِ فَإِذَا أَدْرَكُوا قَطَعُوا اَلنَّفَقَةَ عَنْهُمْ" قِيلَ لَهُ فَإِنْ أَسْلَمَ أَوْلاَدُهُ وَ هُمْ صِغَارٌ فَقَالَ "يُدْفَعُ مَا تَرَكَ أَبُوهُمْ إِلَى اَلْإِمَامِ حَتَّى يُدْرِكُوا فَإِنْ أَتَمُّوا عَلَى اَلْإِسْلاَمِ إِذَا أَدْرَكُوا دَفَعَ اَلْإِمَامُ مِيرَاثَهُ إِلَيْهِمْ وَ إِنْ لَمْ يُتِمُّوا عَلَى اَلْإِسْلاَمِ إِذَا أَدْرَكُوا دَفَعَ اَلْإِمَامُ مِيرَاثَهُ إِلَى اِبْنِ أَخِيهِ وَ إِلَى اِبْنِ أُخْتِهِ اَلْمُسْلِمَيْنِ يَدْفَعُ إِلَى اِبْنِ أَخِيهِ ثُلُثَيْ مَا تَرَكَ وَ يَدْفَعُ إِلَى اِبْنِ أُخْتِهِ ثُلُثَ مَا تَرَكَ ".

Hadith.5729 - Al-Hasan ibn Mahbub narrated from Hisham ibn Salim from Abd Al-Malik ibn Aʿyan or Malik ibn Aʿyan from Abu Jafar (as) who said: I asked Imam (as) about a Christian man who died, leaving behind a Muslim nephew (son of his brother) and a Muslim niece (daughter of his sister), while his own children and wife were Christians. Imam (as) said: "I see that the Muslim nephew should be given two-thirds of what he left behind, and the Muslim niece should be given one-third of what he left behind, provided he does not have young children. However, if he has young children, then the two heirs must provide for the children from what they inherited from their father until the children reach maturity." It was asked: "How should they provide for the children?" Imam (as) replied: "The heir of the two-thirds share must cover two-thirds of the expenses, and the heir of the one-third share must cover one-third of the expenses. Once the children mature, the heirs are no longer responsible for their expenses." It was then asked: "What if his children embrace Islam while they are still young?" Imam (as) said: "In that case, what their father left behind should be handed over to the Imam until they reach maturity. If they remain steadfast in Islam upon reaching maturity, the Imam will give them their inheritance. But if they do not remain in Islam upon maturity, the Imam will return the inheritance to the Muslim nephew and niece, giving the nephew two-thirds of what was left and the niece one-third."

5730 - وَ رَوَى اِبْنُ أَبِي عُمَيْرٍ عَنْ إِبْرَاهِيمَ بْنِ عَبْدِ اَلْحَمِيدِ قَالَ : قُلْتُ لِأَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ نَصْرَانِيٌّ أَسْلَمَ ثُمَّ رَجَعَ إِلَى اَلنَّصْرَانِيَّةِ ثُمَّ مَاتَ قَالَ "مِيرَاثُهُ لِوُلْدِهِ اَلنَّصَارَى " وَ مُسْلِمٌ تَنَصَّرَ ثُمَّ مَاتَ قَالَ "مِيرَاثُهُ لِوُلْدِهِ اَلْمُسْلِمِينَ ".

Hadith.5730 - Ibn Abi Umayr narrated from Ibrahim ibn Abd Al-Hamid who said: I asked Abu Abdullah (as) about a Christian man who accepted Islam and then reverted to Christianity and died. Imam (as) said: "His inheritance goes to his Christian children." I then asked about a Muslim who converted to Christianity and then died. Imam (as) said: "His inheritance goes to his Muslim children."