Man Lā Yaḥḍuruh al-Faqīh

4859 - رَوَى مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ اَلْفُضَيْلِ عَنْ أَبِي اَلْحَسَنِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: "طَلاَقُ اَلْعَبْدِ إِذَا تَزَوَّجَ اِمْرَأَةً حُرَّةً أَوْ تَزَوَّجَ وَلِيدَةَ قَوْمٍ آخَرِينَ إِلَى اَلْعَبْدِ وَ إِنْ تَزَوَّجَ وَلِيدَةَ مَوْلاَهُ كَانَ لَهُ أَنْ يُفَرِّقَ بَيْنَهُمَا أَوْ يَجْمَعَ بَيْنَهُمَا إِنْ شَاءَ وَ إِنْ شَاءَ نَزَعَهَا مِنْهُ بِغَيْرِ طَلاَقٍ".

Hadith.4859 - Muhammad ibn Al-Fudayl narrated from Abu Al-Hasan (as), who said: "The divorce of a slave who marries a free woman or marries a bondwoman belonging to another people is in the hands of the slave himself. However, if he marries a bondwoman owned by his master, the master has the authority to either separate them or keep them together if he wishes. Additionally, if he wants, he can take her away from him without the need for a formal divorce."

4860 - وَ رَوَى اِبْنُ أُذَيْنَةَ عَنْ زُرَارَةَ عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ وَ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِمَا اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالاَ: "اَلْمَمْلُوكُ لاَ يَجُوزُ طَلاَقُهُ وَ لاَ نِكَاحُهُ إِلاَّ بِإِذْنِ سَيِّدِهِ " قُلْتُ فَإِنَّ اَلسَّيِّدَ كَانَ زَوَّجَهُ بِيَدِ مَنِ اَلطَّلاَقُ قَالَ "بِيَدِ اَلسَّيِّدِ: ۝ ضَرَبَ اَللّٰهُ مَثَلاً عَبْداً مَمْلُوكاً لاٰ يَقْدِرُ عَلىٰ شَيْءٍ ۝ وَ اَلشَّيْءُ اَلطَّلاَقُ ".

Hadith.4860 - Ibn Udhaynah narrated from Zurarah, from Abu Ja'far Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (as) and Abu Abdullah Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (as), who both said: "A slave cannot validly perform a divorce or marriage except with the permission of his master." I asked: "If the master himself arranged his marriage, who then has the authority over the divorce?" They (as) replied: "The authority over the divorce remains with the master, as Allah (swt) has set forth the example: 'Allah sets forth a parable: a slave who is owned and has no power over anything...' (Surah An-Nahl 16:75) and 'anything' here refers to divorce."

4861 - وَ رَوَى اَلْقَاسِمُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ اَلْجَوْهَرِيُّ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ أَبِي حَمْزَةَ عَنْ أَبِي بَصِيرٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُهُ عَنْ رَجُلٍ أَنْكَحَ أَمَتَهُ حُرّاً أَوْ عَبْدَ قَوْمٍ آخَرِينَ قَالَ "لَيْسَ لَهُ أَنْ يَنْزِعَهَا مِنْهُ فَإِنْ بَاعَهَا فَشَاءَ اَلَّذِي اِشْتَرَاهَا أَنْ يَنْزِعَهَا مِنْ زَوْجِهَا فَعَلَ".

Hadith.4861 - Al-Qasim ibn Muhammad Al-Jawhari narrated from Ali ibn Abi Ḥamzah, from Abu Baṣir, from Abu Abdullah Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (as), who said: I asked him about a man who marries off his bondwoman (amah) to a free man or to a slave belonging to another group of people. Imam (as) replied: "The master does not have the right to take her back from her husband. However, if he sells her and the one who purchases her wishes to separate her from her husband, he is permitted to do so."

4862 - وَ رَوَى اِبْنُ بُكَيْرٍ عَنْ زُرَارَةَ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنْ مَمْلُوكٍ تَزَوَّجَ بِغَيْرِ إِذْنِ سَيِّدِهِ فَقَالَ "ذَلِكَ إِلَى اَلسَّيِّدِ إِنْ شَاءَ أَجَازَهُ وَ إِنْ شَاءَ فَرَّقَ بَيْنَهُمَا " فَقُلْتُ أَصْلَحَكَ اَللَّهُ إِنَّ اَلْحَكَمَ بْنَ عُتَيْبَةَ وَ إِبْرَاهِيمَ اَلنَّخَعِيَّ وَ أَصْحَابَهُمَا يَقُولُونَ إِنَّ أَصْلَ اَلنِّكَاحِ فَاسِدٌ فَلاَ تُحِلُّ إِجَازَةُ اَلسَّيِّدِ لَهُ فَقَالَ "إِنَّمَا عَصَى سَيِّدَهُ وَ لَمْ يَعْصِ اَللَّهَ فَإِذَا أَجَازَهُ لَهُ فَهُوَ جَائِزٌ".

Hadith.4862 - Ibn Bukayr narrated from Zurarah, who said: I asked Abu Jafar Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (as) about a slave who married without the permission of his master. Imam (as) replied: "This matter is up to the master. If he wishes, he can approve the marriage, and if he wishes, he can separate them." I said: "May Allah (swt) rectify your affairs! Al-Ḥakam ibn ʿUtaybah, Ibrahim al-Nakhaʿi, and their companions say that the marriage is invalid from the outset, and the master's approval does not make it lawful." Imam (as) responded: "He only disobeyed his master but did not disobey Allah (swt). Therefore, if the master approves it, the marriage becomes valid."

4863 - وَ رَوَى حَمَّادُ بْنُ عِيسَى عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: قُلْتُ لَهُ إِذَا كَانَتِ اَلْحُرَّةُ تَحْتَ اَلْعَبْدِ كَمْ يُطَلِّقُهَا فَقَالَ "قَالَ عَلِيٌّ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ "اَلطَّلاَقُ وَ اَلْعِدَّةُ بِالنِّسَاءِ " ".

Hadith.4863 - Ḥammad ibn ʿIsa narrated from Abu Abdullah (as), who said: I asked him, "If a free woman is married to a slave, how many divorces can he pronounce against her?" He (as) replied: "Ali (as) said: 'Divorce and the waiting period (ʿiddah) are determined according to the status of the women.'"

4864 - وَ رَوَى حَمَّادُ بْنُ عُثْمَانَ عَنِ اَلْحَلَبِيِّ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: "طَلاَقُ اَلْحُرَّةِ إِذَا كَانَتْ تَحْتَ اَلْعَبْدِ ثَلاَثُ تَطْلِيقَاتٍ وَ طَلاَقُ اَلْأَمَةِ إِذَا كَانَتْ تَحْتَ اَلْحُرِّ تَطْلِيقَتَانِ".

Hadith.4864 - Ḥammad ibn ʿUthman narrated from Al-Ḥalabi, from Abu Abdullah (as), who said: "The divorce of a free woman when she is married to a slave is three divorces, and the divorce of a bondwoman when she is married to a free man is two divorces."

4865 - وَ رَوَى مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ اَلْفُضَيْلِ عَنْ أَبِي اَلصَّبَّاحِ اَلْكِنَانِيِّ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: "إِذَا كَانَ اَلرَّجُلُ حُرّاً وَ اِمْرَأَتُهُ أَمَةً فَطَلاَقُهَا تَطْلِيقَتَانِ وَ إِذَا كَانَ اَلرَّجُلُ عَبْداً وَ هِيَ حُرَّةً فَطَلاَقُهَا ثَلاَثُ تَطْلِيقَاتٍ".

Hadith.4865 - Muḥammad ibn Al-Fuḍayl narrated from Abu Al-Ṣabbaḥ Al-Kinani, from Abu Abdullah (as), who said: "If a man is free and his wife is a bondwoman, her divorce is two pronouncements. But if the man is a slave and his wife is a free woman, her divorce is three pronouncements."

4866 - وَ رَوَى فَضَالَةُ عَنِ اَلْقَاسِمِ بْنِ بُرَيْدٍ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ مُسْلِمٍ عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: "إِذَا طَلَّقَ اَلْحُرُّ اَلْمَمْلُوكَةَ فَاعْتَدَّتْ بَعْضَ عِدَّتِهَا مِنْهُ ثُمَّ أُعْتِقَتْ فَإِنَّهَا تَعْتَدُّ عِدَّةَ اَلْمَمْلُوكَةِ".

Hadith.4866 - Faḍalah narrated from Al-Qasim ibn Burayd, from Muḥammad ibn Muslim, from Abu Jafar Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (as), who said: "If a free man divorces a bondwoman and she completes part of her waiting period (ʿiddah) while still a slave and then she is freed, she must complete the waiting period according to the rules of a bondwoman."

4867 - وَ فِي رِوَايَةِ سَمَاعَةَ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: "عِدَّةُ اَلْأَمَةِ اَلَّتِي لاَ تَحِيضُ خَمْسٌ وَ أَرْبَعُونَ لَيْلَةً".

Hadith.4867 - In the narration of Samaʿah from Abu Abdullah (as), he said: "The waiting period (ʿiddah) of a bondwoman who does not menstruate is forty-five nights."

4868 - وَ رَوَى اَلْعَلاَءُ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ مُسْلِمٍ عَنْ أَحَدِهِمَا عَلَيْهِمَا اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: "طَلاَقُ اَلْأَمَةِ بَيْعُهَا أَوْ بَيْعُ زَوْجِهَا" وَ قَالَ فِي اَلرَّجُلِ يُزَوِّجُ أَمَتَهُ رَجُلاً حُرّاً ثُمَّ يَبِيعُهَا قَالَ "هُوَ فِرَاقُ مَا بَيْنَهُمَا إِلاَّ أَنْ يَشَاءَ اَلْمُشْتَرِي أَنْ يَدَعَهُمَا".

Hadith.4868 - Al-ʿAlaʾ narrated from Muḥammad ibn Muslim from one of the two Imams (peace be upon them), who said: "The divorce of a bondwoman is through her sale or the sale of her husband." Imam (as) also said regarding a man who marries his bondwoman to a free man and then sells her: "This constitutes separation between them unless the buyer wishes to let them remain together."

4869 - وَ رَوَى مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ اَلْفُضَيْلِ عَنْ أَبِي اَلصَّبَّاحِ اَلْكِنَانِيِّ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: "إِذَا بِيعَتِ اَلْأَمَةُ وَ لَهَا زَوْجٌ فَالَّذِي اِشْتَرَاهَا بِالْخِيَارِ إِنْ شَاءَ فَرَّقَ بَيْنَهُمَا وَ إِنْ شَاءَ تَرَكَهَا مَعَهُ فَإِنْ هُوَ تَرَكَهَا مَعَهُ فَلَيْسَ لَهُ أَنْ يُفَرِّقَ بَيْنَهُمَا بَعْدَ مَا رَضِيَ " قَالَ "وَ إِنْ بِيعَ اَلْعَبْدُ فَإِنْ شَاءَ مَوْلاَهُ اَلَّذِي اِشْتَرَاهُ أَنْ يَصْنَعَ مِثْلَ اَلَّذِي صَنَعَ صَاحِبُ اَلْجَارِيَةِ فَذَلِكَ لَهُ وَ إِنْ هُوَ سَلَّمَ فَلَيْسَ لَهُ أَنْ يُفَرِّقَ بَيْنَهُمَا بَعْدَ مَا سَلَّمَ ".

Hadith.4869 - Muḥammad ibn Al-Fuḍayl narrated from Abu Al-Ṣabbaḥ Al-Kinani, from Abu Abdullah (as), who said: "If a bondwoman is sold while she has a husband, the buyer has the choice-if he wishes, he may separate them, and if he wishes, he may leave her with her husband. However, if he chooses to leave her with him, he can no longer separate them after agreeing to that." Imam (as) further said: "If a male slave is sold, then his new master has the same choice as the buyer of the bondwoman. But if the master consents to leave them together, he cannot separate them after that consent."

4870 - وَ رَوَى اَلْحَسَنُ بْنُ مَحْبُوبٍ عَنْ مَالِكِ بْنِ عَطِيَّةَ عَنْ سُلَيْمَانَ بْنِ خَالِدٍ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنْ رَجُلٍ كَانَ لَهُ أَبٌ مَمْلُوكٌ وَ كَانَتْ لِأَبِيهِ اِمْرَأَةٌ مُكَاتَبَةٌ قَدْ أَدَّتْ بَعْضَ مَا عَلَيْهَا فَقَالَ لَهَا اِبْنُ اَلْعَبْدِ هَلْ لَكِ أَنْ أُعِينَكِ عَلَى مُكَاتَبَتِكِ حَتَّى تُؤَدِّيَ مَا عَلَيْكِ بِشَرْطِ أَنْ لاَ يَكُونَ لَكِ اَلْخِيَارُ عَلَى أَبِي إِذَا أَنْتِ مَلَكْتِ نَفْسَكِ قَالَتْ نَعَمْ فَأَعْطَاهَا لِمُكَاتَبَتِهَا أَ يَكُونُ لَهَا اَلْخِيَارُ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ فَقَالَ "لاَ يَكُونُ لَهَا اَلْخِيَارُ اَلْمُسْلِمُونَ عِنْدَ شُرُوطِهِمْ ".

Hadith.4870 - Al-Ḥasan ibn Maḥbub narrated from Malik ibn ʿAṭiyyah, from Sulayman ibn Khalid, who said: I asked Abu Abdullah (as) about a man whose father was a slave and whose father had a wife who was a mukatabah (a bondwoman under a contract for her freedom) and had already paid part of what she owed. The son of the slave said to her: "Would you like me to help you complete your manumission payment so that you can fulfill what you owe, on the condition that you will not have the option to separate from my father once you gain your freedom?" She agreed, and he gave her the amount for her manumission. I asked: "Would she still have the choice to leave his father after that?" Imam (as) replied: "No, she does not have the option. Muslims are bound by their conditions."

4871 - وَ رَوَى حَمَّادٌ عَنِ اَلْحَلَبِيِّ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: "إِذَا كَانَ اَلْعَبْدُ تَحْتَهُ أَمَةٌ فَطَلَّقَهَا تَطْلِيقَةً ثُمَّ أُعْتِقَا جَمِيعاً كَانَتْ عِنْدَهُ عَلَى تَطْلِيقَةٍ".

Hadith.4871 - Ḥammad narrated from al-Ḥalabi, from Abu Abdullah (as), who said: "If a slave man had a bondwoman as his wife and he divorced her once, and then both of them were freed, she would remain with him on the basis of that one divorce."

4872 - وَ رَوَى اِبْنُ أَبِي عُمَيْرٍ عَنْ جَمِيلٍ عَنْ هِشَامِ بْنِ سَالِمٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ : فِي أَمَةٍ طُلِّقَتْ ثُمَّ أُعْتِقَتْ قَبْلَ أَنْ تَنْقَضِيَ عِدَّتُهَا فَقَالَ "تَعْتَدُّ بِثَلاَثِ حِيَضٍ فَإِنْ مَاتَ عَنْهَا زَوْجُهَا ثُمَّ أُعْتِقَتْ قَبْلَ أَنْ تَنْقَضِيَ عِدَّتُهَا فَإِنَّ عِدَّتَهَا أَرْبَعَةُ أَشْهُرٍ وَ عَشَرَةُ أَيَّامٍ".

Hadith.4872 - Ibn Abi ʿUmayr narrated from Jamil, from Hisham ibn Salim, from Abu Abdullah (as), regarding a bondwoman who was divorced and then freed before her waiting period (ʿiddah) had ended. Imam (as) said: "She must complete the waiting period of three menstrual cycles. However, if her husband died and she was then freed before her waiting period ended, her ʿiddah would be four months and ten days."

4873 - وَ رَوَى حَرِيزُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ مُسْلِمٍ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنِ اَلْمَمْلُوكَةِ تَكُونُ تَحْتَ اَلْعَبْدِ ثُمَّ تُعْتَقُ قَالَ "تُخَيَّرُ فَإِنْ شَاءَتْ أَقَامَتْ عَلَى زَوْجِهَا وَ إِنْ شَاءَتْ بَانَتْ".

Hadith.4873 - Ḥariz ibn ʿAbdillah narrated from Muḥammad ibn Muslim who said: I asked Abu Abdullah (as) about a bondwoman who was married to a slave man and then she was freed. Imam (as) said: "She has the choice; if she wishes, she may remain with her husband, and if she wishes, she may separate from him."

4874 - وَ رَوَى مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ قَيْسٍ عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: "قَضَى أَمِيرُ اَلْمُؤْمِنِينَ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ فِي سُرِّيَّةٍ لِرَجُلٍ وَلَدَتْ لِسَيِّدِهَا ثُمَّ أَنْكَحَهَا عَبْدَهُ ثُمَّ تُوُفِّيَ سَيِّدُهَا فَأَعْتَقَهَا فَتَزَوَّجَهَا فَوَرِثَهُ وَلَدُهَا ثُمَّ تُوُفِّيَ وَلَدُهَا فَوَرِثَتْ زَوْجَهَا اَلْعَبْدَ فَجَاءَا يَخْتَصِمَانِ فَقَالَ هِيَ اِمْرَأَتِي لَسْتُ أُطَلِّقُهَا وَ قَالَتْ هُوَ عَبْدِي لَمْ يُجَامِعْنِي فَسُئِلَتْ "هَلْ جَامَعَكِ مُنْذُ كَانَ لَكِ عَبْداً" فَقَالَتْ لاَ فَقَالَ "لَوْ جَامَعَكِ مُنْذُ كَانَ لَكِ عَبْداً لَأَوْجَعْتُكِ اِذْهَبِي فَهُوَ عَبْدُكِ لَيْسَ لَهُ عَلَيْكِ سَبِيلٌ تَبِيعِينَ إِنْ شِئْتِ وَ تُرِقِّينَ إِنْ شِئْتِ وَ تُعْتِقِينَ إِنْ شِئْتِ" ".

Hadith.4874 - Muḥammad ibn Qays narrated from Abu Jafar Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (as) who said: "The Commander of the Faithful (as) ruled concerning a concubine of a man who bore a child for her master. The master then married her to his slave. Later, the master passed away and freed her. She then married the slave, and when he died, her child inherited from him. Then the child passed away, and she inherited her husband, the slave. They both came to dispute, with the man saying, 'She is my wife, and I will not divorce her,' while the woman said: 'He is my slave, and he has not been intimate with me.' She was asked: 'Did he have intercourse with you since he became your slave?' She replied: 'No.' Imam (as) said: 'Had he been intimate with you after becoming your slave, I would have punished you. Go, for he is your slave; he has no right over you. You may sell him if you wish, enslave him if you wish, or free him if you wish.'"