Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām

مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَعْقُوبَ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ إِسْمَاعِيلَ عَنِ اَلْفَضْلِ بْنِ شَاذَانَ وَ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ إِدْرِيسَ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اَلْجَبَّارِ جَمِيعاً عَنْ صَفْوَانَ عَنِ اِبْنِ مُسْكَانَ عَنْ أَبِي بَصِيرٍ عَنْ أَحَدِهِمَا عَلَيْهِمَا اَلسَّلاَمُ: فِي قَوْلِ اَللَّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ» أُحِلَّ لَكُمْ لَيْلَةَ اَلصِّيٰامِ اَلرَّفَثُ إِلىٰ نِسٰائِكُمْ« اَلْآيَةَ فَقَالَ» نَزَلَتْ فِي خَوَّاتِ بْنِ جُبَيْرٍ اَلْأَنْصَارِيِّ وَكَانَ مَعَ اَلنَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ فِي اَلْخَنْدَقِ وَ هُوَ صَائِمٌ وَ أَمْسَى عَلَى تِلْكَ اَلْحَالِ وَ كَانَ قَبْلَ أَنْ تَنْزِلَ هَذِهِ اَلْآيَةُ إِذَا نَامَ أَحَدُهُمْ حَرُمَ عَلَيْهِ اَلطَّعَامُ فَجَاءَ خَوَّاتٌ إِلَى أَهْلِهِ حِينَ أَمْسَى فَقَالَ هَلْ عِنْدَكُمْ طَعَامٌ فَقَالُوا لاَ أَقِمْ حَتَّى نَصْنَعَ لَكَ طَعَاماً فَاتَّكَى فَنَامَ فَقَالُوا لَهُ قَدْ غَفَلْتَ فَقَالَ نَعَمْ فَبَاتَ عَلَى تِلْكَ اَلْحَالِ وَ أَصْبَحَ ثُمَّ غَدَا إِلَى اَلْخَنْدَقِ فَجَعَلَ يُغْشَى عَلَيْهِ فَمَرَّ رَسُولُ اَللَّهِ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ فَلَمَّا رَأَى اَلَّذِي بِهِ أَخْبَرَهُ كَيْفَ كَانَ أَمْرُهُ فَأَنْزَلَ اَللَّهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ فِيهِ اَلْآيَةَ» كُلُوا وَ اِشْرَبُوا حَتّٰى يَتَبَيَّنَ لَكُمُ اَلْخَيْطُ اَلْأَبْيَضُ مِنَ اَلْخَيْطِ اَلْأَسْوَدِ مِنَ اَلْفَجْرِ««.

Muhammad ibn Yaqub, from Muhammad ibn Ismail, from al-Fadl ibn Shadhan, and Ahmad ibn Idris, from Muhammad ibn Abd al-Jabbar, all of them from Safwan, from Ibn Muskan, from Abu Basir, from one of the two Imams (a.s), peace be upon them: (Imam (a.s) was asked) concerning ‘the saying of Allah (swt), Mighty and Majestic, ‘It has been made lawful for you, on the night of fasting, to have relations with your women,’ the verse.’ (Surah Al-Baqarah 2:187) Imam (a.s) said: “It was revealed concerning Khawwat ibn Jubayr al-Ansari, and he was with the Prophet (saws), may Allah (swt) bless him and his family, at al-Khandaq, while he was fasting, and he reached evening in that state. Before this verse was revealed, when one of them slept, food became forbidden for him. So Khawwat came to his family when evening came and said, ‘Do you have any food?’ They said, ‘No. Stay until we prepare food for you.’ So he (Khawwat) leaned back and slept. They said to him (Khawwat), ‘You have dozed off.’ He (Khawwat) said, ‘Yes.’ So Khawwat spent the night in that state and entered the morning. Then Khawwat went early to al-Khandaq, and he began to faint. The Messenger of Allah (swt), may Allah (swt) bless him and his family, passed by, and when the Prophet (saws) saw what was with him, Khawwat informed the Prophet (saws) how his affair had been. So Allah (swt), Mighty and Majestic, revealed concerning him (Khawwat) the verse: ‘(You may) eat and drink until you see the light of dawn breaking the darkness of night, then complete the fast until nightfall.’” (Surah Al-Baqarah 2:187)

وَ عَنْهُ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَنْ أَبِيهِ وَ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ يَحْيَى عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ جَمِيعاً عَنِ اِبْنِ أَبِي عُمَيْرٍ عَنْ حَمَّادٍ عَنِ اَلْحَلَبِيِّ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُهُ عَنِ اَلْخَيْطِ اَلْأَبْيَضِ مِنَ اَلْخَيْطِ اَلْأَسْوَدِ فَقَالَ» بَيَاضُ اَلنَّهَارِ مِنْ سَوَادِ اَللَّيْلِ« قَالَ» وَ كَانَ بِلاَلٌ يُؤَذِّنُ لِلنَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ حِينَ يَطْلُعُ اَلْفَجْرُ فَقَالَ اَلنَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ» إِذَا سَمِعْتُمْ صَوْتَ بِلاَلٍ فَدَعُوا اَلطَّعَامَ وَ اَلشَّرَابَ فَقَدْ أَصْبَحْتُمْ««.

And from him, from Ali ibn Ibrahim, from his father, and Muhammad ibn Yahya, from Ahmad ibn Muhammad, all of them from Ibn Abi Umayr, from Hammad, from al-Halabi, from Abu Abdillah (a.s), peace be upon him, who said: I (narrator) asked Imam (a.s) about ‘the white thread from the black thread.’ Imam (a.s) said: “The whiteness of the day from the blackness of the night.” Imam (a.s) said: “And Bilal used to give the call to prayer for the blessed Prophet (saws), may Allah (swt) bless him and his family, when dawn rose. So the Prophet (saws), may Allah (swt) bless him and his family, said, ‘When you hear the voice of Bilal, then leave food and drink, for you have entered the morning.’”

وَ عَنْهُ عَنْ عِدَّةٍ مِنْ أَصْحَابِنَا عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ اَلْحَكَمِ عَنْ عَاصِمِ بْنِ حُمَيْدٍ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ قَيْسٍ عَنْ أَبِي بَصِيرٍ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ فَقُلْتُ مَتَى يَحْرُمُ اَلطَّعَامُ عَلَى اَلصَّائِمِ وَ تَحِلُّ اَلصَّلاَةُ صَلاَةُ اَلْفَجْرِ فَقَالَ لِي» إِذَا اِعْتَرَضَ اَلْفَجْرُ وَكَانَ كَالْقُبْطِيَّةِ اَلْبَيْضَاءِ فَثَمَّ يَحْرُمُ اَلطَّعَامُ وَ تَحِلُّ اَلصَّلاَةُ صَلاَةُ اَلْفَجْرِ« قُلْتُ فَلَسْنَا فِي وَقْتٍ إِلَى أَنْ يَطْلُعَ شُعَاعُ اَلشَّمْسِ فَقَالَ» هَيْهَاتَ أَيْنَ تَذْهَبُ تِلْكَ صَلاَةُ اَلصِّبْيَانِ«.

And from him, from a number of our companions, from Ahmad ibn Muhammad, from Ali ibn al-Hakam, from Asim ibn Humayd, from Muhammad ibn Qays, from Abu Basir, who said: I (narrator) asked Abu Abdillah (a.s), peace be upon him, and said: “When does food become forbidden for the fasting person, and prayer, the dawn prayer (fajr), become lawful?” Imam (a.s) said to me (narrator): “When dawn spreads horizontally and is like the white Coptic cloth (al-qibtiyyah), then at that point food becomes forbidden and prayer, the dawn prayer, becomes lawful.” I (narrator) asked: “So are we not within the time until the ray of the sun rises?” Imam (a.s) said: “Far from it. Where are you going (with this)? That is the prayer of children.”

وَ عَنْهُ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنِ اِبْنِ أَبِي عُمَيْرٍ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ عَطِيَّةَ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: »اَلْفَجْرُ هُوَ اَلَّذِي إِذَا رَأَيْتَهُ مُعْتَرِضاً كَأَنَّهُ بَيَاضُ نَهَرِ سُورَاءَ«.

And from him, from Ali ibn Ibrahim, from his father, from Ibn Abi Umayr, from Ali ibn Atiyyah, from Abu Abdillah (a.s), peace be upon him: Imam (a.s) said: “Dawn is that which, when you see it spreading horizontally, it is as though it is the whiteness of the river of Sura.”

وَ عَنْهُ عَنْ عِدَّةٍ مِنْ أَصْحَابِنَا عَنْ سَهْلِ بْنِ زِيَادٍ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عِيسَى بْنِ عُبَيْدٍ عَنِ اِبْنِ أَبِي عُمَيْرٍ عَمَّنْ ذَكَرَهُ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ:» وَقْتُ سُقُوطِ اَلْقُرْصِ وَ وُجُوبِ اَلْإِفْطَارِ مِنَ اَلصِّيَامِ أَنْ يَقُومَ بِحِذَاءِ اَلْقِبْلَةِ وَ يَتَفَقَّدَ اَلْحُمْرَةَ اَلَّتِي تَرْتَفِعُ مِنَ اَلْمَشْرِقِ فَإِذَا جَازَتْ قِمَّةَ اَلرَّأْسِ إِلَى نَاحِيَةِ اَلْمَغْرِبِ فَقَدْ وَجَبَ اَلْإِفْطَارُ وَ سَقَطَ اَلْقُرْصُ«.

And from him, from a number of our companions, from Sahl ibn Ziyad, from Muhammad ibn Isa ibn Ubayd, from Ibn Abi Umayr, from one whom he mentioned, from Abu Abdillah (a.s), peace be upon him, who said: Imam (a.s) said: “The time of the falling of the disc and the obligation of breaking the fast from fasting is that one stands facing the qiblah and observes the redness that rises from the east. When it has passed the top of the head toward the direction of the west, then breaking the fast has become obligatory and the disc has fallen.”

وَ عَنْهُ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنِ اِبْنِ أَبِي عُمَيْرٍ عَنْ حَمَّادٍ عَنِ اَلْحَلَبِيِّ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: سُئِلَ عَنِ اَلْإِفْطَارِ قَبْلَ اَلصَّلاَةِ أَوْ بَعْدَهَا فَقَالَ» إِنْ كَانَ مَعَهُ قَوْمٌ يَخْشَى أَنْ يَحْبِسَهُمْ عَنْ عَشَائِهِمْ فَلْيُفْطِرْ مَعَهُمْ وَ إِنْ كَانَ غَيْرُ ذَلِكَ فَلْيُصَلِّ وَلْيُفْطِرْ«.

And from him, from Ali ibn Ibrahim, from his father, from Ibn Abi Umayr, from Hammad, from al-Halabi, from Abu Abdillah (a.s), peace be upon him, who said: Imam (a.s) was asked about ‘breaking the fast before the prayer or after it.’ Imam (a.s) said: “If there are people with him and he fears that he would keep them back from their dinner, then let him break the fast with them. But if it is other than that, then let him pray and break the fast.”