Man Lā Yaḥḍuruh al-Faqīh

5175 - رَوَى اَلْحَسَنُ بْنُ مَحْبُوبٍ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ رِئَابٍ عَنْ أَبِي بَصِيرٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: "إِنَّ اَللَّهَ تَبَارَكَ وَ تَعَالَى حَكَمَ فِي دِمَائِكُمْ بِغَيْرِ مَا حَكَمَ فِي أَمْوَالِكُمْ حَكَمَ فِي أَمْوَالِكُمْ أَنَّ اَلْبَيِّنَةَ عَلَى مَنِ اِدَّعَى وَ اَلْيَمِينَ عَلَى مَنِ اُدُّعِيَ عَلَيْهِ وَ حَكَمَ فِي دِمَائِكُمْ أَنَّ اَلْيَمِينَ عَلَى مَنِ اِدَّعَى وَ اَلْبَيِّنَةَ عَلَى مَنِ اُدُّعِيَ عَلَيْهِ لِئَلاَّ يُبْطَلَ دَمُ اِمْرِئٍ مُسْلِمٍ ".

Hadith.5175 - Al-Hasan ibn Mahbub narrated from Ali ibn Ri'ab from Abu Basir from Abu Abdullah Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (as), who said: "Indeed, Allah (swt), Blessed and Exalted, has ruled differently regarding your blood than He (swt) has regarding your wealth. In matters of wealth, the ruling is that the burden of proof is upon the claimant, and the oath is upon the one against whom the claim is made. However, in matters of blood, the ruling is that the oath is upon the claimant, and the proof is upon the one against whom the claim is made, so that the blood of a Muslim is not unjustly nullified."

5176 - وَ رَوَى مَنْصُورُ بْنُ يُونُسَ عَنْ سُلَيْمَانَ بْنِ خَالِدٍ قَالَ قَالَ أَبُو عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ : "سَأَلَنِي عِيسَى بْنُ مُوسَى وَ اِبْنُ شُبْرُمَةَ مَعَهُ عَنِ اَلْقَتِيلِ يُوجَدُ فِي أَرْضِ اَلْقَوْمِ وَحْدَهُمْ فَقُلْتُ وَجَدَ اَلْأَنْصَارُ رَجُلاً فِي سَاقِيَةٍ مِنْ سَوَاقِي خَيْبَرَ فَقَالَتِ اَلْأَنْصَارُ اَلْيَهُودُ قَتَلُوا صَاحِبَنَا فَقَالَ لَهُمْ رَسُولُ اَللَّهِ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ "لَكُمْ بَيِّنَةٌ" فَقَالُوا لاَ فَقَالَ "أَ فَتُقْسِمُونَ" قَالَتِ اَلْأَنْصَارُ كَيْفَ نُقْسِمُ عَلَى مَا لَمْ نَرَهُ فَقَالَ " فَالْيَهُودُ يُقْسِمُونَ" قَالَتِ اَلْأَنْصَارُ يُقْسِمُونَ عَلَى صَاحِبِنَا قَالَ فَوَدَاهُ اَلنَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ مِنْ عِنْدِهِ فَقَالَ اِبْنُ شُبْرُمَةَ أَ فَرَأَيْتَ لَوْ لَمْ يُؤَدِّهِ اَلنَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ قَالَ قُلْتُ لاَ نَقُولُ لِمَا قَدْ صَنَعَ رَسُولُ اَللَّهِ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ لَوْ لَمْ يَصْنَعْهُ" قَالَ فَقُلْتُ لَهُ فَعَلَى مَنِ اَلْقَسَامَةُ قَالَ "عَلَى أَهْلِ اَلْقَتِيلِ".

Hadith.5176 - Mansur ibn Yunus narrated from Sulayman ibn Khalid, who said: Abu Abdullah (as) said: "Isa ibn Musa and Ibn Shubrumah asked me about a murdered person found alone in the land of a people. I (Abu Abdullah (as)) said to them: The Ansar once found a man in one of the irrigation channels of Khaybar. The Ansar said: 'The Jews have killed our companion.' The Messenger of Allah (swt) asked them: 'Do you have any evidence?' They replied: 'No.' Prophet (sw) said: 'Will you swear an oath?' The Ansar said: 'How can we swear an oath about something we did not witness?' The Prophet (peace be upon him and his family) said: 'Then the Jews will swear an oath.' The Ansar responded: 'They will swear an oath concerning our companion?' So, the Prophet (peace be upon him and his family) personally paid the blood money for the man. Ibn Shubrumah then asked (Abu Abdullah (as)): 'What if the Prophet (peace be upon him and his family) had not paid it?' I {Abu Abdullah (as)) replied: 'We do not say anything about what the Messenger of Allah (swt) (peace be upon him and his family) did, as if he would not have done it.' Then I asked Imam (as): 'Upon whom does the qasamah (oath of accusation) fall?' Imam (as) replied: 'It falls upon the family of the murdered person.'"

5177 - وَ رَوَى مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ سَهْلٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْ بَعْضِ أَشْيَاخِهِ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: "إِنَّ أَمِيرَ اَلْمُؤْمِنِينَ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ سُئِلَ عَنْ رَجُلٍ كَانَ جَالِساً مَعَ قَوْمٍ فَمَاتَ وَ هُوَ مَعَهُمْ أَوْ رَجُلٍ وُجِدَ فِي قَبِيلَةٍ أَوْ عَلَى دَارِ قَوْمٍ فَادُّعِيَ عَلَيْهِمْ قَالَ "لَيْسَ عَلَيْهِمْ قَوَدٌ وَ لاَ يُطَلُّ دَمُهُ عَلَيْهِمُ اَلدِّيَةُ" ".

Hadith.5177 - Muhammad ibn Sahl narrated from his father, from some of his elders, from Abu Abdullah Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (as), who said: "The Commander of the Faithful (as) was asked about a man who was sitting with a group of people and died while among them, or a man who was found dead in a tribe or near the house of some people, and they were accused of his death. Imam (as) said: 'There is no retaliation (qisas) upon them, nor is his blood wasted. However, the blood money (diyyah) is upon them.'"

5178 - وَ رَوَى مُوسَى بْنُ بَكْرٍ عَنْ زُرَارَةَ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: "إِنَّمَا جُعِلَتِ اَلْقَسَامَةُ لِيُغَلَّظَ بِهَا فِي اَلرَّجُلِ اَلْمَعْرُوفِ بِالشَّرِّ اَلْمُتَّهَمِ فَإِنْ شَهِدُوا عَلَيْهِ جَازَتْ شَهَادَتُهُمْ".

Hadith.5178 - Musa ibn Bakr narrated from Zurarah from Abu Abdullah (as), who said: "The practice of Qasamah (the collective oath) was established to impose severity upon a man known for evil and who is suspected. If they testify against him, their testimony is accepted."

5179 - وَ رَوَى اَلْقَاسِمُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ أَبِي حَمْزَةَ عَنْ أَبِي بَصِيرٍ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنِ اَلْقَسَامَةِ أَيْنَ كَانَ بَدْؤُهَا فَقَالَ "كَانَ مِنْ قِبَلِ رَسُولِ اَللَّهِ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ لَمَّا كَانَ بَعْدَ فَتْحِ خَيْبَرَ تَخَلَّفَ رَجُلٌ مِنَ اَلْأَنْصَارِ عَنْ أَصْحَابِهِ فَرَجَعُوا فِي طَلَبِهِ فَوَجَدُوهُ مُتَشَحِّطاً فِي دَمِهِ قَتِيلاً فَجَاءَتِ اَلْأَنْصَارُ إِلَى رَسُولِ اَللَّهِ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ فَقَالَتْ يَا رَسُولَ اَللَّهِ قَتَلَتِ اَلْيَهُودُ صَاحِبَنَا فَقَالَ "لِيُقْسِمْ مِنْكُمْ خَمْسُونَ رَجُلاً عَلَى أَنَّهُمْ قَتَلُوهُ" قَالُوا يَا رَسُولَ اَللَّهِ أَ نُقْسِمُ عَلَى مَا لَمْ نَرَهُ قَالَ "فَيُقْسِمُ اَلْيَهُودُ " فَقَالُوا يَا رَسُولَ اَللَّهِ مَنْ يُصَدِّقُ اَلْيَهُودَ فَقَالَ "أَنَا إِذاً أَدِي صَاحِبَكُمْ" " فَقُلْتُ لَهُ كَيْفَ اَلْحُكْمُ فِيهَا قَالَ "إِنَّ اَللَّهَ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ حَكَمَ فِي اَلدِّمَاءِ مَا لَمْ يَحْكُمْ فِي شَيْءٍ مِنْ حُقُوقِ اَلنَّاسِ لِتَعْظِيمِهِ اَلدِّمَاءَ لَوْ أَنَّ رَجُلاً اِدَّعَى عَلَى رَجُلٍ عَشَرَةَ آلاَفِ دِرْهَمٍ أَقَلَّ مِنْ ذَلِكَ أَوْ أَكْثَرَ لَمْ يَكُنِ اَلْيَمِينُ عَلَى اَلْمُدَّعِي وَ كَانَتِ اَلْيَمِينُ عَلَى اَلْمُدَّعَى عَلَيْهِ فَإِذَا اِدَّعَى اَلرَّجُلُ عَلَى اَلْقَوْمِ اَلدَّمَ أَنَّهُمْ قَتَلُوا كَانَتِ اَلْيَمِينُ عَلَى مُدَّعِي اَلدَّمِ قَبْلَ اَلْمُدَّعَى عَلَيْهِمْ فَعَلَى اَلْمُدَّعِي أَنْ يَجِيءَ بِخَمْسِينَ يَحْلِفُونَ أَنَّ فُلاَناً قَتَلَ فُلاَناً فَيُدْفَعُ إِلَيْهِمُ اَلَّذِي حُلِفَ عَلَيْهِ فَإِنْ شَاءُوا عَفَوْا عَنْهُ وَ إِنْ شَاءُوا قَتَلُوا وَ إِنْ شَاءُوا قَبِلُوا اَلدِّيَةَ فَإِنْ لَمْ يُقْسِمُوا فَإِنَّ عَلَى اَلْمُدَّعَى عَلَيْهِمْ أَنْ يَحْلِفَ مِنْهُمْ خَمْسُونَ رَجُلاً مَا قَتَلْنَا وَ لاَ عَلِمْنَا لَهُ قَاتِلاً فَإِنْ فَعَلُوا أَدَّى أَهْلُ اَلْقَرْيَةِ اَلَّتِي وُجِدَ فِيهِمْ دِيَتَهُ وَ إِنْ كَانَ بِأَرْضِ فَلاَةٍ أُدِّيَتْ دِيَتُهُ مِنْ بَيْتِ اَلْمَالِ فَإِنَّ أَمِيرَ اَلْمُؤْمِنِينَ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ كَانَ يَقُولُ "لاَ يُطَلُّ دَمُ اِمْرِئٍ مُسْلِمٍ " ".

Hadith.5179 - Al-Qasim ibn Muhammad narrated from Ali ibn Abi Hamzah from Abu Basir: I asked Abu Abdullah (as) about Qasamah (the collective oath) - where did it originate? Imam (as) said: "It began with the Messenger of Allah (swt) (peace be upon him and his family). After the conquest of Khaybar, a man from the Ansar was left behind by his companions. When they returned to search for him, they found him lying in his blood, killed. The Ansar came to the Messenger of Allah (swt) (peace be upon him and his family) and said: 'O' Messenger of Allah (swt), the Jews have killed our companion.' The Prophet (peace be upon him and his family) said: 'Fifty men from among you must swear an oath that they (Jews) killed him.' They said: 'O' Messenger of Allah (swt), how can we swear about something we did not witness?' Prophet (sw) said: 'Then the Jews will swear an oath.' They replied: 'O' Messenger of Allah (swt), who would believe the Jews?' The Prophet (peace be upon him and his family) said: 'Then I will pay the blood money for your companion.'" I asked Imam (as): "What is the ruling concerning Qasamah?" Imam (as) said: "Indeed, Allah (swt), the Almighty and Majestic, has ruled in matters of bloodshed in a way unlike any other matter of people's rights due to the sanctity of blood. If a man were to claim against another man ten thousand dirhams, whether less or more, the oath would not be upon the claimant but upon the one against whom the claim is made. However, when a man accuses a group of killing someone, the oath is upon the claimant of the blood before it is upon those accused. The claimant must bring fifty people to swear that a specific person killed another. Then, the accused is handed over to them. If they wish, they may forgive him, or if they wish, they may execute him, or if they wish, they may accept the blood money (diyyah). But if they refuse to swear, then fifty men from the accused group must swear, saying: 'We did not kill him, nor do we know his killer.' If they do so, the people of the village where the murder occurred must pay the blood money. If it happened in an isolated area, the blood money is paid from the public treasury (Bayt Al-Mal). The Commander of the Faithful (as) used to say: 'The blood of a Muslim must never be wasted.'"

5180 - وَ سَأَلَ سَمَاعَةُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ : عَنْ رَجُلٍ يُوجَدُ قَتِيلاً فِي قَرْيَةٍ أَوْ بَيْنَ قَرْيَتَيْنِ قَالَ "يُقَاسُ بَيْنَهُمَا فَأَيَّتُهُمَا كَانَتْ إِلَيْهِ أَقْرَبَ ضُمِّنَتْ".

Hadith.5180 - Samaah asked Abu Abdullah (as) about a man who is found murdered in a village or between two villages. Imam (as) said: "The distance between them should be measured, and whichever of the two is closer to him will be held responsible."

5181 - وَ رَوَى زُرَارَةُ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: "إِنَّمَا جُعِلَتِ اَلْقَسَامَةُ اِحْتِيَاطاً لِلنَّاسِ لِكَيْمَا إِذَا أَرَادَ اَلْفَاسِقُ أَنْ يَقْتُلَ رَجُلاً أَوْ يَغْتَالَ رَجُلاً حَيْثُ لاَ يَرَاهُ أَحَدٌ خَافَ ذَلِكَ فَامْتَنَعَ مِنَ اَلْقَتْلِ".

Hadith.5181 - Zurarah narrated from Abu Abdullah (as), who said: "The practice of Qasamah was established as a precaution for people so that if a wicked person intended to kill or assassinate someone where no one could see him, he would fear this ruling and refrain from committing murder."