Man Lā Yaḥḍuruh al-Faqīh

رَوَى مَنْصُورُ بْنُ حَازِمٍ عَنْ هِشَامٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: "اِنْقِطَاعُ يُتْمِ اَلْيَتِيمِ اَلاِحْتِلاَمُ وَ هُوَ أَشُدُّهُ وَ إِنِ اِحْتَلَمَ وَ لَمْ يُؤْنَسْ مِنْهُ رُشْدُهُ وَ كَانَ سَفِيهاً أَوْ ضَعِيفاً فَلْيُمْسِكْ عَنْهُ وَلِيُّهُ مَالَهُ".

Mansur ibn Hazim narrated from Hisham from Abu Abdullah (a.s), who said: "The end of an orphan's state of orphanhood is marked by reaching puberty, and that is when he reaches his full strength. However, if he reaches puberty but no sign of maturity is observed in him, and he is foolish or weak-minded, then his guardian should withhold his wealth from him."

وَ رَوَى اِبْنُ أَبِي عُمَيْرٍ عَنْ مُثَنَّى بْنِ رَاشِدٍ عَنْ أَبِي بَصِيرٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُهُ عَنْ يَتِيمٍ قَدْ قَرَأَ اَلْقُرْآنَ وَ لَيْسَ بِعَقْلِهِ بَأْسٌ وَ لَهُ مَالٌ عَلَى يَدَيْ رَجُلٍ فَأَرَادَ اَلَّذِي عِنْدَهُ اَلْمَالُ أَنْ يَعْمَلَ بِهِ حَتَّى يَحْتَلِمَ وَ يَدْفَعَ إِلَيْهِ مَالَهُ قَالَ "وَ إِنِ اِحْتَلَمَ وَ لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ عَقْلٌ لَمْ يُدْفَعْ إِلَيْهِ شَيْءٌ أَبَداً".

Ibn Abi Umayr narrated from Mathanna ibn Rashid from Abu Basir from Abu Abdullah (a.s), who said: I asked Imam (a.s) about an orphan who had memorized the Qur'an and had no deficiency in his intellect. The one holding his wealth wishes to invest it until the orphan reaches puberty and then hand over his wealth to him. Imam (a.s) said: "Even if he reaches puberty but does not have sound intellect, nothing should ever be handed over to him."

وَ رَوَى اَلْحَسَنُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ اَلْوَشَّاءُ عَنْ عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ بْنِ سِنَانٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: "إِذَا بَلَغَ اَلْغُلاَمُ أَشُدَّهُ ثَلاَثَ عَشْرَةَ سَنَةً وَ دَخَلَ فِي اَلْأَرْبَعَ عَشْرَةَ سَنَةً وَجَبَ عَلَيْهِ مَا وَجَبَ عَلَى اَلْمُحْتَلِمِينَ اِحْتَلَمَ أَوْ لَمْ يَحْتَلِمْ وَ كُتِبَتْ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّيِّئَاتُ وَ كُتِبَتْ لَهُ اَلْحَسَنَاتُ وَ جَازَ لَهُ كُلُّ شَيْءٍ إِلاَّ أَنْ يَكُونَ ضَعِيفاً أَوْ سَفِيهاً".

Al-Hasan ibn Ali Al-Washa' narrated from Abdullah ibn Sinan from Abu Abdullah (a.s), who said: "When a boy reaches the age of thirteen and enters into his fourteenth year, what is obligatory upon those who have reached puberty becomes obligatory upon him, whether he experiences a wet dream or not. His bad deeds are recorded against him, and his good deeds are recorded for him. Everything becomes permissible for him except if he is weak-minded or foolish."

وَ رَوَى صَفْوَانُ بْنُ يَحْيَى عَنْ عِيصِ بْنِ اَلْقَاسِمِ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُهُ عَنِ اَلْيَتِيمَةِ مَتَى يُدْفَعُ إِلَيْهَا مَالُهَا قَالَ "إِذَا عَلِمْتَ أَنَّهَا لاَ تُفْسِدُ وَ لاَ تُضَيِّعُ" فَسَأَلْتُهُ إِنْ كَانَتْ قَدْ تَزَوَّجَتْ فَقَالَ "إِذَا تَزَوَّجَتْ فَقَدِ اِنْقَطَعَ مُلْكُ اَلْوَصِيِّ عَنْهَا".

Safwan ibn Yahya narrated from 'Is ibn Al-Qasim from Abu Abdullah (a.s), who said: I asked Imam (a.s) about an orphan girl - when should her wealth be handed over to her? Imam (a.s) said: "When you know that she will neither corrupt it nor waste it." I then asked Imam (a.s): "What if she has gotten married?" Imam (a.s) said: "Once she marries, the authority of the guardian over her ends."

قَالَ مُصَنِّفُ هَذَا الْكِتَابِ رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ يَعْنِي بِذَلِكَ إِذَا بَلَغَتْ تِسْعَ سِنِينَ.

The author of this book, may Allah (swt) have mercy on him, commented: This means when she reaches the age of nine years.

وَ رَوَى مُوسَى بْنُ بَكْرٍ عَنْ زُرَارَةَ عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: "لاَ يُدْخَلُ بِالْجَارِيَةِ حَتَّى يَأْتِيَ لَهَا تِسْعُ سِنِينَ أَوْ عَشْرٌ".

Musa ibn Bakr narrated from Zurara from Abu Jafar Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (a.s), who said: "A girl should not be consummated in marriage until she reaches nine or ten years of age."

وَ قَالَ أَبُو عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: "إِذَا بَلَغَتِ اَلْجَارِيَةُ تِسْعَ سِنِينَ دُفِعَ إِلَيْهَا مَالُهَا وَ جَازَ أَمْرُهَا فِي مَالِهَا وَ أُقِيمَتِ اَلْحُدُودُ اَلتَّامَّةُ لَهَا وَ عَلَيْهَا".

Abu Abdullah (a.s), said: "When a girl reaches nine years of age, her wealth is handed over to her, her decisions regarding her wealth become valid, and the full legal punishments are applied for her and upon her."

وَ قَدْ رُوِيَ عَنِ اَلصَّادِقِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: أَنَّهُ سُئِلَ عَنْ قَوْلِ اَللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ فَإِنْ آنَسْتُمْ مِنْهُمْ رُشْداً فَادْفَعُوا إِلَيْهِمْ أَمْوٰالَهُمْ قَالَ "إِينَاسُ اَلرُّشْدِ حِفْظُ اَلْمَالِ".

It was narrated from Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (a.s), that he was asked about the saying of Allah (swt), the Exalted and Glorious: "But if you perceive in them sound judgment, then deliver their wealth to them" (Surah An-Nisa 4:6). Imam (a.s) said: "Perceiving sound judgment means the ability to safeguard wealth."

وَ فِي رِوَايَةِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ يَحْيَى عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ اَلْحُسَيْنِ عَنْ عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ بْنِ اَلْمُغِيرَةِ عَمَّنْ ذَكَرَ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: أَنَّهُ قَالَ فِي تَفْسِيرِ هَذِهِ اَلْآيَةِ إِذَا رَأَيْتُمُوهُمْ يُحِبُّونَ آلَ مُحَمَّدٍ عَلَيْهِمُ اَلسَّلاَمُ فَارْفَعُوهُمْ دَرَجَةً.

In the narration of Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Yahya from Muhammad ibn Al-Husayn from Abdullah ibn Al-Mughira from someone who mentioned from Abu Abdullah (a.s), that Imam (a.s) said in the interpretation of this verse: "If you perceive in them sound judgment, then deliver their wealth to them" (Surah An-Nisa 4:6). Imam (a.s) said: "If you see that they love the family of Muhammad (saws), peace be upon them, then elevate them in status."

قَالَ مُصَنِّفُ هَذَا الْكِتَابِ رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ هَذَا الْحَدِيثُ غَيْرُ مُخَالِفٍ لِمَا تَقَدَّمَ وَ ذَلِكَ أَنَّهُ إِذَا أُونِسَ مِنْهُ الرُّشْدُ وَ هُوَ حِفْظُ الْمَالِ دُفِعَ إِلَيْهِ مَالُهُ وَ كَذَلِكَ إِذَا أُونِسَ مِنْهُ الرُّشْدُ فِي قَبُولِ الْحَقِّ اخْتُبِرَ بِهِ وَ قَدْ تَنْزِلُ الْآيَةُ فِي شَيْءٍ وَ تَجْرِي فِي غَيْرِهِ.

The author of this book, may Allah (swt) have mercy on him, said: This narration does not contradict what has been previously mentioned. This is because if sound judgment is perceived in a person - meaning the ability to safeguard wealth - then their wealth should be handed over to them. Similarly, if sound judgment is perceived in accepting the truth, they should be tested with it. Moreover, a verse may be revealed regarding a specific matter but can also apply to other situations.