Man Lā Yaḥḍuruh al-Faqīh

رُوِيَ عَنْ إِسْحَاقَ بْنِ عَمَّارٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ أَوْ أَبِي إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: "اَلْعَارِيَّةُ لَيْسَ عَلَى مُسْتَعِيرِهَا ضَمَانٌ إِلاَّ أَنْ يُشْتَرَطَ إِلاَّ مَا كَانَ مِنْ ذَهَبٍ أَوْ فِضَّةٍ فَإِنَّهُمَا مَضْمُونَتَانِ اُشْتُرِطَا أَوْ لَمْ يُشْتَرَطَا " وَ قَالَ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ "إِذَا اُسْتُعِيرَتْ عَارِيَّةٌ بِغَيْرِ إِذْنِ صَاحِبِهَا فَهَلَكَتْ فَالْمُسْتَعِيرُ ضَامِنٌ ".

It is narrated from Ishaq ibn Ammar, from Abu Abdullah (a.s) or (Imam Musa ibn Jafar Al-Kadhim (a.s)), who said: "A borrowed item (ariyyah) is not guaranteed by the borrower unless it is stipulated, except in the case of gold or silver, as these are guaranteed whether stipulated or not." Imam (a.s) also said: "If an item is borrowed without the owner's permission and it perishes, the borrower is liable for it."

وَ رَوَى أَبَانٌ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ مُسْلِمٍ عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُهُ عَنِ اَلْعَارِيَّةِ يَسْتَعِيرُهَا اَلْإِنْسَانُ فَتَهْلِكُ أَوْ تُسْرَقُ فَقَالَ "إِذَا كَانَ أَمِيناً فَلاَ غُرْمَ عَلَيْهِ".

Aban narrated from Muhammad ibn Muslim, from Abu Ja'far Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (a.s), who said: I asked him about a borrowed item (ariyyah) that a person borrows, and it either perishes or is stolen. Imam (a.s) said: "If he is trustworthy, then there is no liability upon him."

وَ رَوَى أَبَانٌ عَنْ حَرِيزٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: فِي رَجُلٍ اِسْتَعَارَ ثَوْباً ثُمَّ عَمَدَ إِلَيْهِ فَرَهَنَهُ فَجَاءَ أَهْلُ اَلْمَتَاعِ إِلَى مَتَاعِهِمْ فَقَالَ "يَأْخُذُونَ مَتَاعَهُمْ".

Aban narrated from Hariz, from Abu Abdullah (a.s), regarding a man who borrowed a garment and then intentionally used it as collateral for a loan. Imam (a.s) said: "The owners of the item have the right to reclaim their property."

وَ اِسْتَعَارَ اَلنَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ مِنْ صَفْوَانَ بْنِ أُمَيَّةَ اَلْجُمَحِيِّ سَبْعِينَ دِرْعاً حُطَمِيَّةً وَ ذَلِكَ قَبْلَ إِسْلاَمِهِ فَقَالَ أَ غَصْبٌ أَمْ عَارِيَّةٌ يَا أَبَا اَلْقَاسِمِ فَقَالَ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ "لاَ بَلْ عَارِيَّةٌ مُؤَدَّاةٌ" فَجَرَتِ اَلسُّنَّةُ فِي اَلْعَارِيَّةِ إِذَا اُشْتُرِطَ فِيهَا أَنْ تَكُونَ مُؤَدَّاةً وَ كَانَ صَفْوَانُ بْنُ أُمَيَّةَ بَعْدَ إِسْلاَمِهِ نَائِماً فِي اَلْمَسْجِدِ فَسُرِقَ رِدَاؤُهُ فَتَبِعَ اَللِّصَّ وَ أَخَذَ مِنْهُ اَلرِّدَاءَ وَ جَاءَ بِهِ إِلَى رَسُولِ اَللَّهِ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ وَ أَقَامَ بِذَلِكَ شَاهِدَيْنِ عَدْلَيْنِ عَلَيْهِ فَأَمَرَ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ بِقَطْعِ يَمِينِهِ فَقَالَ صَفْوَانُ يَا رَسُولَ اَللَّهِ أَ تَقْطَعُهُ مِنْ أَجْلِ رِدَائِي قَدْ وَهَبْتُهُ لَهُ فَقَالَ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ "أَلاَّ كَانَ هَذَا قَبْلَ أَنْ تَرْفَعَهُ إِلَيَّ" فَقَطَعَهُ فَجَرَتِ اَلسُّنَّةُ فِي اَلْحَدِّ إِذَا رُفِعَ إِلَى اَلْإِمَامِ وَ قَامَتْ عَلَيْهِ اَلْبَيِّنَةُ أَنْ لاَ يُعَطَّلَ وَ يُقَامَ.

The Prophet (may Allah (swt) bless him and his family) borrowed seventy coats of mail made of iron from Safwan ibn Umayyah al-Jumahi before he embraced Islam. Safwan asked: "O Abu al-Qasim, is this a seizure or a loan?" The Prophet (may Allah (swt) bless him and his family) replied: "No, it is a loan to be returned." Thus, it became a precedent that a loan (ariyyah) must be returned if stipulated. After Safwan embraced Islam, he was once sleeping in the mosque when his cloak was stolen. Safwan pursued the thief, retrieved the cloak, and brought him to the Messenger of Allah (swt) (may Allah (swt) bless him and his family). He also presented two just witnesses against the thief. The Prophet (may Allah (swt) bless him and his family) ordered that the thief's right hand be cut off. Safwan said: "O Messenger of Allah (swt), will you cut off his hand because of my cloak? I have already gifted it to him." The Prophet (may Allah (swt) bless him and his family) said: "Why did you not say this before bringing the matter to me?" The sentence was then carried out, establishing the precedent that if a case reaches the Imam and evidence is presented, the prescribed punishment (hadd) cannot be waived.

قَالَ مُصَنِّفُ هَذَا الْكِتَابِ رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ لَا قَطْعَ عَلَى مَنْ يَسْرِقُ مِنَ الْمَسَاجِدِ وَ الْمَوَاضِعِ الَّتِي يُدْخَلُ إِلَيْهَا بِغَيْرِ إِذْنٍ مِثْلَ الْحَمَّامَاتِ وَ الْأَرْحِيَةِ وَ الْخَانَاتِ وَ إِنَّمَا قَطَعَهُ النَّبِيُّ ص لِأَنَّهُ سَرَقَ الرِّدَاءَ وَ أَخْفَاهُ فَلِإِخْفَائِهِ قَطَعَهُ وَ لَوْ لَمْ يُخْفِهِ لَعَزَّرَهُ وَ لَمْ يَقْطَعْهُ.

The compiler of this book (may Allah (swt) have mercy on him) commented: "There is no cutting of the hand for theft committed in mosques or in places where entry is allowed without permission, such as bathhouses, mills, and inns. The Prophet (may Allah (swt) bless him and his family) ordered the cutting of the thief's hand because he stole the cloak and concealed it. If he had not hidden it, the punishment would have been a discretionary penalty (ta'zir), not the cutting of the hand."